MET and NAV review

1
MET and NAV review
2
FINAL EXAM for sure study areas

• PGF vs coriolis
• Virga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDF
• Surface analysis vs prognostic chart
• Temperature effect on altimeter
• Stability - rising air and/or air masses
• Frontal weather, GFA validity, wind limits
• Light variable, freezing level
• Vacuum driven heading indicator for navigation
• Rhumb line, great circle, small circle, agonic
  line, deviation vs. variation
• Compass errors northerly turning, ANDS,
  quadrantal

3
FINAL EXAM for sure study areas

• Control zones, VFR minima, airspace
  classification, low level airspace, cruising
  altitudes, special VFR, transponder airspace
• CDI, VOT check, VOR accuracy limits, ADF errors
  VOR and ADF orientation and use, ADF tuning
• One VFR cross country planning log, flight
  plan, Vnc chart completion, drift lines
• Time zone adjustments, CFS use for planning, VHF
  frequencies, reserves, safety heights
• ETAs, Heading corrections, wind determination,
  revised ETA
• Enroute GFA, TAF and METAR interpretation, PIREP
  interpretation, AIRMET interpretation

4
One in Sixty Rule

• 160 is the same as 1 degree

5
ANABATIC WIND
6
CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
7
TEMPERATURE

• The atmosphere is heated from below.
• Temperature increase decreases density.
• Advection horizontal movement of air. Cold air
  becomes warmed by the ground as it moves over it
• Convection sun heats ground, ground heats the
  air, warmer and less dense pockets rise
• Turbulence vertical movement of air due to winds
  and convection
• Compression air sinks, compresses and heats
  (Chinooks, high pressure areas)

8
Advection horizontal movement of air. Cold air
can be warmed by the ground as it moves over it
9
Air Masses of North America

• Continental Arctic Ca
• not in summer low water content warmed from
  below enroute, strong winds produce turbulence
  heap clouds and snow showers rarely in B.C.
  except as a cold-air invasion
• (Continental Polar Cp)
• Maritime Arctic Ma
• starts as Ca that spends some time over the
  northern Pacific ocean moist and unstable at
  high altitudes stratocumulus and cumulus
  pe/sn/-shra in summer northern lakes affect the
  air mass
• Maritime Polar Mp
• more time spent over Pacific ocean warmer in
  lower levels more stable than Ma orographic
  lifting makes rain west of mountains (Rockies)
  and dry air east of mountains Summer Tsra/Cb
• Maritime Tropical Mt
• very warm and moist Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean
  south of 30N Winter rarely at the surface N of
  Great lakes, but present at high altitudes
  unstable when subject to Frontal lift gives
  sn/ra/zr/icing and turbulence FOG (east coast)
  Summer shra/tsra

10
(No Transcript)
11

• Cumulus Stage
• Cloud driven upward by the latent heat as water
  vapour condenses
• Strong updrafts prevail throughout.
• Temperatures in cell are higher than outside
  temperature at the same level.
• No precipitation while water and ice are
  suspended.
• Mature Stage
• Heights may reach 60,000 feet
• Updrafts up to 6,000 ft/min
• As the water droplets grow large enough to fall,
  they drag air down with them.
• Downdraft starts in the middle region of the
  cloud.
• 15-20 minutes in duration lightning, microburst,
  hail, wind shear.
• Appearance of precipitation on the ground.
• Dissipation stage
• downdraft spreads throughout the cell (except
  top)
• gradual cessation of rainfall and the passing
  rain cools the lower regions
• Anvil shape

12
WEATHER TERMINOLOGY

• SKY CONDITION
• Clear 0/8
• Few 1/8 to 2/8
• Scattered 3/8 to 4/8
• Broken 5/8 to 7/8
• Overcast 8/8
• IFR less than 1000 ft /or 3 miles
• MVFR 1000-3000 ft /or 3-5 miles
• VFR greater than 3000 ft better than 5

13
ACTUAL LAPSE RATE

• METAR CYKZ 251100Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240
  M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095
• FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE
  17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000
• YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17

6000 -13 650 -08 Lapse may be roughly
1o/1,000 ft
4000 cloud base -13 650 -08 Lapse roughly
1.5o/1,000 ft
Note that the lowest layer of cloud is SC
(cumulus) and likely formed from convection.
Consider that any rising pockets had a dew point
of -13 and therefore reached dew point and formed
cloud at 4,000, before they got to the 6,000 foot
altitude where temperature is actually measured
14
GFA

• Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z
• Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook
• Country covered with 7 GFA areas
• Heights are feet above sea level
• Section 3 of MET in AIP
• Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated
• CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated
• Winds less than 20 k usually not shown
• Amended GFA shows CCA, etc. in title box

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
5-8 Geostrophic Wind
18
5-11 Surface Friction
19
FOG
20
FOG

• Fog is cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact
  with the ground.
• forms in relatively stable air where the
  temperature
• to dew point spread is small, wind may be
  present
• requires condensation nuclei
• Usually needs a cooling process
• Types of Fog
• Radiation Advection
• Upslope Steam
• Frontal Ice

21
Radiation Fog clear night, light wind, high
humidity, often a high pressure area.
22
Advection Fog warm moist air moving over colder
land, horizontal movement, warm fronts/oceans,
sometimes strong winds (25kts)
23
Upslope Fog
24
Ice Fog Byproduct of fuel burn in engine is
water (as vapour) added to cold crisp air.
(sublimation vapour to ice)
25
Frontal Fog vapour addition raises the dew point
of the air mass under a warm front
26
Steam fog cold air moving over a warm surface
27
FLIGHT PLANsee RAC section in AIM
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
FLIGHT PLANNING LOG
CYOO
GOLF
ME
11 FEB
Hwy 7 67 71 NW 04/10 11w 9 07 0.8 1.1
Hwy Barrie 45 91 91 311 045/8 316 11w 327 91 39 26 1.9
Nota Bay 45 91 91 291 045/5 294 10w 304 92 17 11 0.8
CNY3 85 SW 06/06 10w 6 06 0.5
71 50 5.1
30 2.2
71 120 7.3
31
WAC
32
LOW LEVEL AIRWAYS
From 2,200 AGL up to but not including 18,000
ASL
33
IFR VFR SUMMARY
34
KZ 2
35
Practice Problem D

























Track 189º Ground Speed 122 kt Heading
196º TAS 106 kt Wind Direction 332º Wind
speed 20 kt
106 kt
106 kt
122 kt
36
Xwind CRFI
37
PQ 1
Obstacles, Arcal, ATF Peripheral frequency
38
FDs Interpolation

• FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE
  17-21
• 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000
• YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35
• YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22
• YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28
• YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28
• YYB 1825 2034-16 2055-17 2073-20 7013-28
• YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25

39
FLIGHT PLANNING LOG
CYGK
GULP
ME
22 MAR 01
CYGK Start, t/o 67 NE 13w 10 1.5 0.8
CYOW 55 92 97 031 220/18 029 13w 042 114 76 40 3.1
Contingency Include if appropriate 20 fuel 1.9
circuit 06 0.5
76 56 7.8
30 2.2
76 126 10.0
40
(No Transcript)
41
VOR
42
VOR EQUIPMENT CHECKS
43
TRACKING AWAY FROM A STATION
44
TRACKING TO A STATION
45
ADF

• LIMITATIONS
• TWILIGHT EFFECT
• JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high
• GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE use less than 350 khz
• TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT
• SHORELINE signals crossing at less than 30o
• ELECTRICAL STORMS
• BANK ERROR ALL TURNS
• LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF
  INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO NORMAL
  AXIS

46
SOME RULES

• WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A STATION,
  BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY
• FROM 0 OR TOWARDS 180
• 2. WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES,
  THEN ADF BEARING INDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES
• HI LESS, ADF MORE
• WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS
  FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC.
• MAGNETIC HEADING RELATIVE BEARING MAGNETIC
  BEARING TO THE STATION
• MH RB MB TO THE STATION
• MH MB RB
• RB MB - MH