Anesthesia Chemistry Review

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Anesthesia Chemistry Review

• FIU Nurse Anesthetist Program

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Atoms are composed of three type of particles
  protons, neutrons, and electron.
• It is the number of protons that determines the
  atomic number, e.g., H 1. The number of protons
  in an element is constant (e.g., H1, Ur92) but
  neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons
  neutrons) may vary.
• The same element may contain varying numbers of
  neutrons these forms of an element are called
  isotopes.

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Inorganic Chemistry

• The order of filling orbitals
• Electrons fill low energy orbitals (closer to the
  nucleus) before they fill higher energy ones.
• This filling of orbitals singly where possible is
  known as Hund's rule. It only applies where the
  orbitals have exactly the same energies (as with
  p orbitals, for example), and helps to minimize
  the repulsions between electrons and so makes the
  atom more stable.

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Start at the beginning of each arrow, and then
  follow it all of the way to the end, filling in
  the sublevels that it passes through. In other
  words, the order for filling in the sublevels
  becomes 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
  5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p.

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Periodic Table with Orbitals
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Inorganic Chemistry

• Atoms that have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their
  outer levels tend to lose them in interactions
  with atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their
  outer levels.
• Atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their
  outer levels will tend to gain electrons from
  atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer
  levels.
• Atoms that have 4 electrons in the outer most
  energy level will tend neither to totally lose
  nor totally gain electrons during interactions.
• See the periodic table of elements

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Periodic Table with Orbitals
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Inorganic Chemistry

• All atoms would like to attain electron
  configurations like noble gases. That is, have
  completed outer shells. Atoms can form stable
  electron configurations like noble gases
• by
• losing electrons
• sharing electrons
• gaining electrons.

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Inorganic Chemistry- Ions

• When the number of electrons changes in an atom,
  the electrical charge changes.
• If an atom gains electrons, it picks up an
  imbalance of negatively charged particles and
  therefore becomes negative.
• When an atom loses electrons the atom becomes
  positive.
• In either case, the magnitude (1, 2, -1, -2,
  etc.) of the electrical charge will correspond to
  the number of electrons gained or lost.

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Predicting ion charges

• Rule for Metal Ion charges
• metals lose electrons to get the same number of
  electrons as the nearest noble gas
• Na 1S22S22P63S1(11 protons/11electrons) looses
  the 3S1 electron and becomes Na( 11protons / 10
  electrons)

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Inorganic Chemistry
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Inorganic Chemistry
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Predicting ion charges

• Rule for Non-metal Ion charges
• - nonmetals gain electrons to get the same number
  of electrons as the nearest noble gas
• Chlorine and other Halogens have nS2nP5 electrons
  and can easily gain an additional electron to
  fill out their valence subshell and form anions
• Cl 1S2 2S22P6 3S23P5

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Metal cations with more than one common charged
  form
• cation systematic name common
  name
• Fe2 iron(II) ion ferrous ion
• Fe3 iron(III) ion ferric ion
• Cu copper(I) ion cuprous ion
• Cu2 copper(II) ion cupric ion
• Hg22 mercury(I) ion mercurous ion
• Hg2 mercury(II) ion mercuric ion
• Pb2 lead(II) ion plumbous ion
• Pb4 lead(IV) ion plumbic ion
• Sn2 tin(II) ion stannous ion
• Sn4 tin(IV) ion stannic ion

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Inorganic Chemistry

• anion name nonmetal root ending with "-ide"
• H- hydride ion O2- oxide ion
• F- fluoride ion S2- sulfide ion
• Cl- chloride ion I- iodide ion
• Br- bromide ion N3- nitride ion

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Inorganic Chemistry-the MOLE

• A mole is the amount of a substance whose mass in
  grams is numerically equal to its molecular or
  formula weight
• The Molecular weight of a molecule is the average
  mass of a substances molecules
• Using the mole gives us a practical unitThe
  average atomic mass of an element, when expressed
  in grams, is one mole of that kind of atom

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Inorganic Chemistry- Formulas

• A structural formula reflects the bonding of
  atoms in a molecule or ion.
• Ethanol can be represented by CH3CH2OH.
• This is a simple way of representing a more
  elaborated structure
• H H
• H-C-C-O-H
• H H
• Structural ofCH3CH2OH

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Inorganic Chemistry-Bonding

• Ionic Bonds
• When atoms react, they try to achieve noble gas
  structures.
• Electrons are transferred from one atom to
  another resulting in the formation of positive
  and negative ions.
• The electrostatic attractions between the
  positive and negative ions hold the compound
  together.
• Example Na Cl- NaCl (no charge )

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Inorganic Chemistry-Bonding

• Covalent Bonds
• As well as achieving noble gas structures by
  transferring electrons from one atom to another
  as in ionic bonding, it is also possible for
  atoms to reach stable structures by sharing
  electrons to give covalent bonds

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Inorganic Chemistry-Hydrogen Bonds

• Many elements form compounds with hydrogen -
  referred to as "hydrides".
• When an ionic substance dissolves in water, water
  molecules cluster around the separated ions. This
  process is called hydration
• Water frequently attaches to positive ions by
  co-ordinate bonds. It bonds to negative ions
  using hydrogen bonds.
• Any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached
  directly to an oxygen or a nitrogen is capable of
  hydrogen bonding

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Inorganic Chemistry
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Amines

• Amines are classified as primary, secondary,
  tertiary, or quaternary based on how many organic
  groups are bonded to the N atom.
  H -
  N - H R - N - H R - N - H R - N - R1
  H H R1
  R2Ammonia Primary Secondary
  Tertiary R R- N - R
  RQuaternary ammonium ion (R4N ) an ion with 4
  organic groups attached to the Nitrogen R, R1,
  or R2 methyl, ethyl, any organic group

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Inorganic Chemistry
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Inorganic ChemistryPrimary Amines
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Inorganic Chemistry

• Secondary Amine and Tertiary Amine

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Inorganic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry

• Glycolysis
• Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD 2 Pi -----gt 2
  Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H
• NADH generated during glycolysis is used to fuel
  mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative
  phosphorylation

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Chemistry

• Net result of anaerobic glycolysis
• Lactate 2 ATPs
• Net result of aerobic glycolysis
• Pyruvate 36 ATPs

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Organic Chemistry

• Pyruvate is the branch point molecule of
  glycolysis
• The ultimate fate of pyruvate depends on the
  oxidation state of the cell
• During aerobic glycolysis ATP is generated from
  oxidation of glucose directly at the PGK and PK
  reactions as well as indirectly by re-oxidation
  of NADH in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.
• The fate of pyruvate during anaerobic glycolysis
  is reduction to lactate.

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Organic Chemistry Amino Acids
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Chemistry

• 1. Which particle has a mass approx. equal to the
  mass of a proton?
• A. atom
• B. electron
• C. neutron
• D. nucleus
• E. quark
• (C)

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Chemistry

• 2. Which elements belong to the same group?
• A. C, N, O
• B. Fe, Cu, Ni
• C. B, Si , As
• D. F, Cl, Br
• E Al, Ge, Sb
• D. Halogen grp

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Chemistry

• All of the following statements are general
  properties of organic compounds except
• A. The bonds are covalent
• B. They have relatively low boiling points
• C. They have limited or no water solubility
• D. They usually behave as electrolytes in soln.
• E. They have relatively low melting points
• D

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Chemistry

• Which factor is most important in determining the
  chemistry of an organic molecule?
• A. the number of Carbon Carbon bonds
• B. the functional groups
• C. the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds
• D. the number of branches in the carbon chain
• E. the melting point
• B

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Chemistry

• Which funtional group does not contain oxygen?
• A. alcohol
• B. amine
• C. carboxylic acid
• D. ester
• E. ketone
• B C-N

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Chemistry

• This funtional group R-O-R1 is an
• A. alkyl
• B alcohol
• C. ether
• D. ester
• E. aldehyde
• C

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Chemistry

• In organic chemistry, the term unsaturated means
  a molecule
• A. which has the max number of carbon-hydrogen
  bonds possible
• B. with a specific six member ring structure
• C. which contains one or more multiple bonds
  between carbon atoms
• D. which can react by taking up one or more water
  molecules
• E. which is formed from many smaller molecules
• C.

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Chemistry

• Glycolysis is the name given to the pathway
  involving the conversion of-
• A. glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate
• B. glycogen or glucose to fructose
• C. glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or lactate
• D. glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or acetyl CoA
• E. glucose or fatty acids to pyruvate or acetyl
  CoA
• C

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Chemistry

• The conversion of one molecule of glucose to two
  molecules of pyruvate results in the net
  formation of
• A. 6 molecules of water
• B. 2 molecules of ATP
• C. 3 molecules of ATP
• D. 38 molecules of ATP
• E. 39 molecules of ATP
• B.