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The Eisenhower Years

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Title: The Eisenhower Years


1
The Eisenhower Years...
(1953 1961)
2
The Republicans TurnAfter How Long?
3
Organizing Ideas
  • Analyze and Evaluate
  • Eisenhowers Foreign Policy
  • Analyze and Evaluate Ikes
  • Domestic Policy
  • Assess the Reasons for the
  • Changes Made in the Social
  • Fabric in the 1950s

4
How Do We Think of the 1950s?
How Much of That Is Reality How Much Is Myth?
Historically, the 50s Are the Eisenhower Years
5
The Eisenhower Years
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • Republican
  • 1953-1961
  • Landslides in 52, 56
  • Background
  • Foreign Policy
  • Domestic Policy
  • Evaluation

I Like Ike
Eisenhower the Man of the Hour
6
Domestic Policy
Goals? Programs? Assessment?
7
Domestic Policy
  • Modern Republicanism
  • The Republican Formula
  • Dynamic Conservatism
  • The Key Issues
  • The Economy
  • Retreat from Liberalism
  • Continued Liberalism
  • Social Fabric Stuff

8
Economy
9
The Economic "Miracle"
  • GNP 250 Increase
  • Inflation 3, Unemployment
  • Under 5
  • Our 6 - Producing ½ of All the
  • Worlds Goods, and Consuming
  • 1/3 of Them!
  • Purchasing Power Up 20

10
Galbraith Called It An "Economy of Abundance"
  • Dramatic Effects
  • Increase in White Collar Jobs
  • Jobs in the Service Sector
  • Rise of Franchises, Multinationals
  • A New Consumerism
  • We Became More and More a
  • Consumer Society

11
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12
Causes of the Boom
  • Govt Spending/Tax Cuts
  • The New Economics (Keynesian)
  • Consumer Confidence
  • (People of Plenty)
  • American Productivity
  • Labor/Mgt. Peace (AFL-CIO)
  • Changing Demographics
  • American Technology/Automation
  • Transistors, Computers

13
1946 IBM Computer
14
High Tech
15
UNIVAC
  • Introduced in 1951
  • Cost 1 Million
  • Weight 8 Tons

16
  • Technology Also Produced Some
  • Medical Miracles
  • Dr. Jonas Salk
  • Polio Vaccine
  • Also Antibiotics,
  • New Drugs for Just
  • about Anything!
  • Tranquilizers Even

17
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18
I m p a c t ?
19
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20
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21
1956 Corvette
22
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23
Gas Stations
24
An Original McDonalds
25
OrTexas Own
26
Some Paradoxes
27
Urban Decay
28
  • Mortgaged Affluence
  • Author of

Gunnar Myrdal
29
S o c i a l F a b r i c
30
  • Demographic Changes
  • 1950 150 Million
  • 1960 179 Million
  • Move to Suburbia, Sunbelt
  • Conformity/Homogenization
  • Stirrings of Protest

31
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32
The Sunbelt Region
33
Suburbia, USA
Why Move to the Burbs?
34
An Example of Conformity Expected in the Decade
35
  • Uptightness Red Scare
  • Packaged Society
  • (Homogeneity)
  • Silent Generation
  • Happy Days
  • But, by Decades End
  • The Times They Were
  • AChanging

Lots of Conformity
A Major Cause of Homogenization
36
The Boob Tube
37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
Father Knows Best
I Love Lucy
43
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44
Changing Values
  • Bureaucracy Impacted Labor
  • More White Collar Workers
  • Education System Changed
  • Conformity Expected
  • Intellectuals Responded

45
Theme of These Books?
46
Other Voices...
  • Stirrings of Protest
  • Critics of the Times
  • Americas Youth Became Different
  • Women Began to Be Heard
  • Hispanic Rumblings
  • Native Americans, Too
  • Black Voices Elevated

47
Who Was Especially Disaffected by the Changes
in American Society?
America's Youth
Young Writers, Poets, Artists Were First to
Criticize
48
Stirrings of Protest
The Beatniks
Allen Ginsberg
Jack Kerouac
49
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50
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51
Portrayed in Movies...
52
A Developing Youth Subculture
  • Different Interests
  • Different Values
  • Different Lifestyles

53
Youth Themes Portrayed in the Media...
54
In the Movies
55
1950s Passion Pit
56
On Television
57
On Television
58
Music
59
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60
Elvis...
61
S t i l l . . .
  • Pretty Conformist
  • Pretty Conservative
  • Pretty Quiet
  • But, by Decades End
  • Waiting to Happen
  • A Youth Explosion

62
Origins of Several Social Movements
  • Native Americans Saw the
  • Reversal of ND Policy, a
  • Return to Termination
  • How to Fight It?
  • Hispanics Bracero Program
  • How to Fight It?

63
Women
  • A Back to the Kitchen Movement
  • Momism Movement
  • Big Families
  • Move to Suburbs
  • Dr. Spocks Baby Books
  • Earning the Mrs. Degree
  • HS Schools Taught

64
A Womans Place
  • By Decades End
  • A Movement Waiting
  • to Happen!
  • How to Fight Sexism?

65
Black Voices...
The Civil Rights Movement of the 50s
How to Fight Racism?
66
Background
  • African-Americans and WWII?
  • NAACP-courts cases against seg.
  • Since 1909
  • Increased political power in North
  • Because of Great Migration
  • --what party would benefit?
  • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
  • -1940sused sit-ins

67
Who Is He? His Importance?
68
Jim Crow Alive Well in Much of the U.S.
69
The South Pre-1954
S e g r e g a t i o n
70
Vending Machine Seen in the South
71
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72
A Turning Point
  • 1954 The Brown Case
  • Background
  • Major Players
  • SCs Decision?

Thurgood Marshall
Linda Brown
Earl Warren
73
Aftermath
  • Southern Resistance
  • Massive resistance
  • Southern Manifesto
  • Revival of KKK
  • A Couple of Crises
  • in the 50s

74
Montgomery, Alabama 1955
75
Rosa Parks 1955
76
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77
R e s p o n s e . . .
A Year-Long Bus Boycott
78
Significance?
  • Leadership
  • MLK
  • SCLC-Southern
  • Christian Lead.
  • Conference est.
  • in 1957 by King
  • Strategy?
  • Nonviolent
  • passive resist.
  • S.C. ruled bus
  • seg. uncons.

79
Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
80
Central High School
  • Background
  • Gov. Orval
  • Faubus-sent
  • Nat. Guard
  • Ike-sent in
  • U.S. Army
  • The Little
  • Rock Nine

81
A Year-Long Occupation of CHS
The Result?
Impact?
82
Voting Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Voting Rights Act of 1960
Stage Set for the 1960s Movement
83
Final Domestic Issue
L i b e r a l i s m v s . C o n s e r v a t i s m
84
Continuing Liberalism
  • Many ND/FD Programs Too Popular
  • Kept Farm SubsidiesBut
  • Tried to Reduce Them
  • Soil Bank Plan
  • Expanded Social Security,
  • Minimum Wage - 1.00!
  • Created Dept. of HEW
  • Two Civil Rights Laws
  • Job Programs (Highways, Etc.)
  • Employed Govt Spending

85
Retreating from Liberalism
  • New Deal Creeping Socialism
  • How to Undo It?
  • Executive Orders
  • Cut Funding (TVA, Etc.)
  • Decentralization
  • Partnerships and Privatization
  • Practiced Benign Neglect

86
  • Oveta Culp Hobby
  • Sec. Of H.E.W.
  • But

87
As with Truman, Foreign Policy Would
Dominate Ike's Presidency
88
Foreign Policy
What Approach Would Ike Take In Figthting
Communism?
What Did He Inherit from Truman?
89
The Cold War
90
The New Combatants In the Cold War
91
Ike's Turn...
  • His Experience?
  • His Goals?
  • His Programs
  • Assessment
  • Comparison to Truman

92
Ike Campaigned Against Containment
  • Too Passive
  • Too Expensive

What Would Replace It?
93
Foreign Policy
  • John Foster Dulles (Sec of State)
  • The New Look
  • Maximum Efficiency with
  • Minimum Cost, or
  • More Bang for the Buck
  • Massive Retaliation
  • Covert Action (CIA)
  • Brinkmanship

94
Dont be afraid, I can always pull you back
95
China Again
  • 1954 Taiwan Crisis
  • Over Quemoy and Matsu
  • How to Respond?

96
Egypt
  • Another Strongman Began
  • to Challenge Our Presence
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser
  • Pledged Reform
  • Hoped to Dam the
  • Nile
  • Needed Money
  • Where to Get It?
  • Played Sides!

97
  • He Nationalized the Canal
  • Israel, GB, Fr. Invaded
  • Suez Crisis (1956)
  • Solution?
  • UN Peacekeepers Sent
  • Fighting Stopped, But?
  • The Aftermath
  • Egypt Got Canal, Fr/GB Out!
  • 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine
  • 1958 Lebanon
  • Our Image in the Region?

98
  • Missile Race Began in the 50s
  • Oct. 1957
  • Sputnik

99
  • Message?
  • Response?
  • National
  • Defense
  • Education Act
  • NASA
  • What Next?
  • Stay Tuned

100
Spring, Texas
Communist Pressure...
The Last Domino?
Ike Expanded the Concept
101
The New Look in Practice
Europe
Asia
Middle East
The Americas
How Well Did It Work?
102
A Couple of Cold War Left-Overs First
McCarthyism
  • Recall from the Truman Era
  • Ikes Position?
  • Army-McCarthy Hearings
  • Televised in 1954

103
  • Busted!
  • Censored by
  • Congress
  • Ike McCarthyism
  • Has Become
  • McCarthywasm
  • Died in 1957

104
Korean War
  • Recall Trumans Policies
  • Ike Promised to Go to Korea
  • Hinted I Might
  • Stalin Died in 53, USSR Had
  • to Regroup
  • July, 1953 Armistice Signed
  • Aftermath?

105
Korean War Overview
  • Treaty Left Korea Divided
  • P.O.W. Exchange
  • 25,000 U.S. Killed
  • 22 Billion Spent
  • Was It Worth It?
  • Remains a Trouble Spot Today

106
The New Look in Asia
Korea
China
Indochina
107
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108
Eisenhower and SE Asia
Dienbienphu
  • Ho Chi Minh
  • French controlled
  • since late 1800s
  • Domino Theory
  • 1954 Dienbienphu
  • Why were the
  • French defeated?
  • -lack of U.S. funds and
  • Guerrilla warfare

109
Geneva Conference
  • Negotiations held in Switzerland
  • Geneva Accords (Signed in 54)
  • Truce
  • Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
  • created from French Indo.
  • 17th Parallel - DMZ
  • French Would Withdraw
  • In 2 Years, Elections
  • No Military Alliances

110
Getting In Deeper
  • 1956 France Withdrew
  • (Power Vacuum)
  • 1956 S.Vietnam elected Ngo Dinh
  • Diem and Ho Chi Minh controls
  • N. Vietnam
  • --Diem did not allow
  • electionscreated
  • tension between N. S.

111
Ike, Dulles, Ngo Dinh Diem
112
From 1956 to 1960 Problems Developed
V i e t c o n g
NLF
The Next President Would Inherit This Growing
Mess
113
The New Look in Europe
  • France
  • West Germany
  • East Germany
  • Khruschevs
  • 1956 Speech
  • Poland
  • Hungary

114
Hungarian Freedom Fighters
115
The New Look inthe Middle East
  • Background
  • Importance?
  • Israel/Palestine
  • By 50s A Cold
  • War Theater
  • Iran
  • Egypt
  • Lebanon

116
Creation of Israel
  • Decision to Partition Palestine
  • Zionist Movement, Holocaust
  • May 14, 1948 Israel Created
  • U.S. Immediately Recognized It
  • First Arab-Israeli War Began

117
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118
The Aftermath
  • 1950 UN Resolved It, But
  • Tripartite Pact U.S., GB, Fr.
  • Resolved to Keep Peace There
  • The Region Would Remain a
  • Trouble Spot

119
Iran
  • Spreading Arab Nationalism
  • Middle Eastern Strongman
  • Mohammed Mossadegh
  • Nationalizing Oil
  • Allowing Communists
  • into His Government
  • Response?
  • Operation Ajax

120
  • Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
  • Came to Power
  • Our Man
  • What Next?
  • We Got 40 Share
  • of Irans Oil
  • U.S. Aid to Iran
  • White Revolution
  • ProblemsBut for
  • Another President

121
U.S. Response to a Troubled Region
  • How to Respond to a Troubled
  • Region?
  • 1955 Baghdad Pact, METO
  • Made Nice with Saudi Arabia
  • But, Caused Problems
  • Was It Our Right to Make
  • Decisions for the Region?

122
  • ED First Used in Lebanon
  • The Problem?
  • Our Image in Middle East?

123
Yet Another Cold War Front...
124
The Americas
Cuba
Guatemala
125
  • Guatemala
  • Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
  • Began Nationalizing Am. Property
  • Turning Left!

126
  • Solution?
  • CIA Operation
  • Installed Colonel
  • Carlos Armas
  • Ended
  • Communism
  • There, But
  • Image?

127
Similar Problem in Cuba
  • Revolution Took Out Fulgencio Batista
  • Fidel Castro Came to Power
  • Shunned by U.S., Turned toU.S.S.R.
  • What Next? Stay Tuned

128
  • Ike Sent Nixon to L.A.
  • His Visit

129
A Temporary Thaw
  • From Stalin to Khrushchev
  • 1955 - Geneva Summit
  • Open Skies
  • Peaceful Coexistence
  • However,.

A Renewed Arms Race
  • Both Sides Had the Bomb
  • What Next?
  • First Strike Capability

130
We will bury capitalism Your grand-children will
live under communism
What Did Khrushchev Say?
131
  • 1958
  • Explorer I
  • 30 Pounds

U.S. Response...
132
First Dog in Space But Not Back from Space
133
  • 1958
  • Gordo, the
  • Space Monkey
  • His Fate?
  • Not til 1959

134
From 1957 to 1960
What, Me Worry?
135
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136
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137
We Did the Drills Also
138
Attempted Detente
Nixons Trip to Moscow
139
  • The Kitchen Debates
  • Khrushchevs Trip to U.S.
  • Agreed to a Paris Summit
  • 1960 - U-2 Incident

140
I k e ' s F a r e w e l l A d d r e s s
Warned of the Growing Military-Industrial Complex
Next Time America in the 1960s
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