The Engineering Disciplines

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The Engineering Disciplines
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The number of engineering disciplines is not
static. Many disciplines spawn additional
sub-disciplines.Lets focus on the major
disciplines!
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Engineering Disciplines

• Aerospace
• Agricultural
• Architectural
• Biomedical
• Biological
• Chemical
• Civil
• Computer

• Electrical
• Environmental
• Industrial
• Manufacturing
• Materials
• Mechanical
• Nuclear
• Petroleum
• Software

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Aerospace Engineering

• Aerospace engineers design and develop technology
  for commercial aviation, the national defense,
  and space exploration. In 1990, aerospace
  engineers helped launch the Hubble Space
  Telescope, an orbiting instrument that allows us
  to see 10 times farther than we have ever seen
  before.
• ASEE

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They design, develop, and test aircraft,
spacecraft, satellites, and missiles and
supervise the manufacturing of these products.
Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are
considered aeronautical engineers, and those
working specifically with spacecraft are
considered astronautical engineers.
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Repairing cracked shuttle tiles.
Boeing Jets working on better Fuel efficiency
and longer range.
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Aerospace Engineering Employers

• Boeing
• NASA
• Lockheed Martin
• Space Systems / Loral

Lockheed Martin F16 Falcon Flying over Iraq
Boeing Fighter Jet from 1932
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Agricultural Engineering

• Agricultural engineers design farm and food
  processing equipment construct crop storage and
  livestock buildings and develop systems for
  drainage, irrigation, and waste disposal.
• Sometimes agricultural engineers work in labs
  like EPCOT's Land Pavilion, where they experiment
  with promising indoor farming techniques such as
  hydroponicsthe science of growing plants in
  fluids without dirt.
• ASEE

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control of vibration, noise, air quality,
heating, cooling within machinery.
harvesters, transporters
Environmental controllers for poultry, swine,
beef, aquaculture, plants
Precision agriculture utilizing GPS, remote
sensing and computerized field equipment.
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Agricultural Engineering Employers

• Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
• Cargill
• DuPont
• US Department of Agriculture

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Architectural Engineering

• Working alongside architects, architectural
  engineers focus on the safety, cost, and
  construction methods of designing a building. For
  example, as the US population grows in the
  Southwest, more and more architectural engineers
  are investigating new ways to build on land where
  there is only sand and sagebrush.
• ASEE (This is very related to Structural Civil
  Engineering)

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Biomedical Engineering

• Biomedical Engineers develop devices and
  procedures that solve medical and health-related
  problems.
• Biomedical Engineers work with medical
  professionals to develop medical instruments,
  monitoring equipment, artificial organs, and
  prosthetic devices.

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Laser Systems for Corrective eye surgery.
Computers for Blood analysis
Ultrasound Imaging Equipment
Implantable Hip Joints
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Biological Engineering

• Bioengineering combines biology and engineering.
• Biological Engineers understand how biological
  systems operate and develop effective
  biology-based technologies for applications
  across a wide spectrum of societal needs
  including breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment,
  and prevention of disease, in design of novel
  materials, devices, and processes, and in
  enhancing environmental health.

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Biological and Agricultural Engineering Programs
at UC Davis

• Aquaculture EngineeringEcological Systems
  EngineeringEnergy Systems EngineeringEnvironment
  al EngineeringFood EngineeringForest and Fiber
  EngineeringHealth and Safety EngineeringMachine
  Systems EngineeringPostharvest
  EngineeringSensor and Control EngineeringSoil
  and Water Engineering

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In the early 1950s California's tomato
industry was threatened because of the lack of
laborers to harvest the crops. In response, the
UC Davis agricultural engineering department
developed the mechanical tomato harvester.
Unfortunately, this machine crushed the tomatoes.
The vegetable crops department came to the
rescue by breeding a firmer-skinned tomato - also
known as the square tomatoSeveral genetically
engineered varieties of tomatoes have been
developed in the US and approved for
commercialization, For a variety of reasons
these GE tomatoes are no longer marketed
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Chemical Engineering

• Chemical Engineers often take chemical reactions
  and scale them up to a large manufacturing
  process. They focus on the production of
  products formed through a chemical reaction.
  This is sometimes called Process Engineering.
• Chemical engineering involves the processing and
  treating of liquids and gases. For example, some
  chemical engineers are studying ways to
  desalinate seawaterstripping it of salt to make
  the water safe to drink.
• Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and
  plastics.
• The term "environmental engineering" also applies
  to certain areas of chemical engineering, such as
  pollution control.

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Chemical Engineers are employed to do

• Food Processing
• Beverage making and bottling
• Environmental Analysis
• Making of Cosmetics, Perfumes, and Flavorings
• Pharmaceutical production
• Petroleum and Plastics processing

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Kelco, San Diego Manufacturer of Biopolymers from
Sea Kelp
Pollution Control
Petroleum Extraction and Processing
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Chemical Engr Employers

• Dow Chemical
• DuPont
• Proctor and Gamble
• Monsanto
• Johnson Johnson
• Merck
• General Mills

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Civil Engineering

• One of the largest branches of engineering,
  civil engineering is a field that deals with
  buildings, bridges, dams, roads, and other
  public works structures . Civil engineers
  plan, design, and supervise the construction of
  facilities such as high-rise buildings, airports,
  water treatment centers, and sanitation plants.

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Historic Preservation Grand Central Terminal New
York City
Flood waters compromise levee Near New Orleans
during Hurricane Katrina.
Oklahoma City Federal Bldg.
Rebuilding Oklahoma City after the
bombings. Buildings are blast resistant and
employ sustainable Construction.
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William J. Clinton Presidential Center Little
Rock, AK
Architecture can be both industrial as well as
inviting to people. Architecture can effect
peoples moods, productivity, and energy.
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New Compositions make Concrete more versatile.
A translucent concrete material contains glass
optical fibers that transmit light through the
entire length of the block. It can bring sunlight
through a wall.
SACRED SURFACES. The modern church Dives in
Misericordia located in Rome, is made from a
self-cleaning concrete that breaks down
atmospheric pollutants that would otherwise
darken the surface over time.
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Ductal an ultra high performance concrete
developed by Lafarge. The high strength fibers
make the material self reinforcing. The Material
can be used to make very thin structures with out
the need for conventional steel reinforcement.
The concrete will bend like metal before breaking.
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Japan
Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940 Wind created resonant
vibrations. Now computer modeling and wind
tunnels are used to test the rigidity of the
road decks.
Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge Brazilian Wave Arch
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Computer Software Engineering

• Computer engineers deal with all aspects of
  computer systems including design, construction,
  and operation. Some computer engineers specialize
  in areas like digital systems, operating systems,
  computer networks, and software.

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Computer Engineering

• Hardware and Chip Design
• Development of Software Applications
• Integrating components together, i.e. device
  driver software
• Project Management teams located in multiple
  places
• Chip Fabrication
• Test and Quality Assurance (QA)

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Computer Engineer Employers

• Cisco
• Sun
• Intel
• Microsoft
• Oracle
• IBM
• Apple
• Google
• Yahoo
• Wireless service Providers cell phone services
• Manufacturers of hand-held devices.
• GIS/GPS businesses.
• eBay and Amazon
• Self employed

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Global Positioning Unit
Open Source software Invites lots of
developers to create new applications Using
Languages such as JAVA.
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Electrical Engineering

• The discipline that employs the largest number
  of engineers, covers everything related to
  electrical devices, systems, and the use of
  electricity.
• Electrical engineers work on power plants,
  computers, and other electrical devices.

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Electrical Engineering (non-computer)

• Control systems in car
• Satellites Communications
• Cell phones
• Power Plants
• Circuit boards
• Appliances
• TVs, DVDs,
• Medical Instruments
• Recording Equipment
• Synthesizers
• Amplification equipment
• Lighting
• Hardware for networking
• Firmware (low level coding)
• Custom Chips
• Aviation Controls
• Electronic monitoring and tagging (dog tags)

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Radomes Antenna protection
These are cell phone towers?
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Environmental Engineering

• Environmental engineers assist with the
  development of water distribution systems,
  recycling methods, sewage treatment plants, and
  other pollution prevention and control systems in
  the water, air, and land. Environmental engineers
  constantly seek new ways to reduce air pollution
  and pesticides.

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Environmental Engineers work on

• Acid Rain and how to avoid it
• Clean Energy
• Energy Star Program
• Public policy compliance title 45
• Indoor air quality
• Site Clean up
• Recycling and waste minimization.
• EPA Projects (Environmental Protection Agency)
  EPA employs over 9000 engineers.

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Industrial Engineering

• Industrial engineers organize the people,
  information, energy, materials, and machines
  involved in the production process. They are
  concerned with plant design and management,
  quality control, and the human factors of
  engineering.

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Industrial Engineering specialties

• management engineer - Combining knowledge of the
  business and the facilities.
• ergonomist modify a process to reduce worker
  injury.
• operations analyst - devising systems to increase
  effectiveness of an operation.
• Quality engineer devise systems to service
  customers efficiently.

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Industrial Engineers might do

• Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital 
  
• Converting a major production line to JIT
• Representing a company in the design and
  construction of a new manufacturing plant
• Performing motion and time studies
• Developing prototype units for the cellular phone
  car adapter market
• Simulation modeling
• Developing a hardware protection program for
  spacecraft
• Developing a supplier quality program
• Implementing lean manufacturing concepts
• Developing and launching a complete material
  handling system for a new automobile
• Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard
  and ship repair maintenance facility
• Working on a design project to make a medical
  device to treat sleep apnea
• Representing manufacturing and purchasing issues
  on a design team

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Manufacturing Engineering

• Manufacturing engineers design tools and
  equipment and work with all aspects of
  manufacturingfrom production control and
  materials handling to mechanization and
  automation.

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Materials Engineering

• Metallurgical and materials engineers extract,
  process, refine, combine, and manufacture natural
  substances to create new materials that meet
  specifications that could not be met with raw
  materials.
• Example Materials that are
• stronger, resist corrosion, lighter, inert,
  elastic,
• sticky, insulate, invisible, etc.
• Metallurgical engineers work with metal only.
  Teams of metallurgy and materials engineers
  created the US Air Force's "stealth" technology
  that makes a fighter plane's surface nearly
  invisible to radar.

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Teflon-1938
Nylon - 1931
Liquid Crystal Displays 1968
Transistors replace Vacuum tubes
Pyrex - 1924
Glass fibers
Biomimicry Lead to the Invention of Velcro - 1948
Neoprene- 1931
Ultrasuede and Gortex
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Nanotechnolgy includes the many techniques used
to create structures at a size scale below 100 nm
Biomimicry is the application of methods and
systems found in nature to the study and design
of engineering systems and modern technology
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The Amazon Rainforest natures laboratory for
new Discoveries.
Rain forests worldwide cover approximately 6 of
Earth's surface, and yet scientists believe they
contain 50 of the world's plant and animal
speciesan impressive ratio. In common parlance,
tropical rain forests are not only the planet's
land-based centers of biodiversitywhere most
species livethey also contribute to the
maintenance of the worlds climate by regulating
rainfall and storing enormous amounts of carbon.
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
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Mechanical Engineering

• Mechanical engineers use mechanics and energy
  principles to design machines such as tools,
  engines. Machines, motors, and other devices.
• Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of
  air-conditioning and refrigeration, automotives,
  manufacturing, welding, robotics, and
  mechatronics.
• They study materials, heat and energy transfer,
  manufacturing technologies

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A mechanical engineer designs anything that uses
mechanical motion
Robotics
Computer Modeling
Underwater Vehicle
Consumer Baby products
Prototyping
Food Handling
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What is Mechatronics?

• The Fusion of Mechanical Engineering,
  electronics, and computing.
• Usually requires cross-disciplinary training.
• Looks like robotics
• Automate and Improve production

The elements of Mechatronics systems include
sensors, actuators, microcontrollers (or
microprocessors) and real-time control
software. The actuators are mainly high
precision electric motors and solenoids. Any of a
large number of sensor types are used, including
light, acceleration, weight, color, temperature
and image.
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Stepper Motor
Stair climbing robot
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Nuclear Engineering

• Nuclear engineers design, develop, and control
  plants that use nuclear energy for fuel and
  medical purposes. Some nuclear engineers are busy
  working on a nuclear-powered spacecraft that will
  travel to Mars.

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Examples of Nuclear Engineering

• Food irradiation has been systematically
  evaluated by the Food and Agriculture
  Organization which concluded that treating raw
  meat and poultry with irradiation eliminates
  disease-causing bacteria commonly found such as
  E. coli and Salmonella and poses no toxicological
  hazards at typically used doses.
• Domestic sources of radioisotopes are needed to
  adequately sustain the growing needs of our
  medical and healthcare communities.

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• Problems inherent with fossil fuels are avoided
  with energy production using hydrogen.  Per unit
  of fuel, hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles are
  about twice as efficient as combustion energies. 
  Unlike conventional engines, fuel cells emit only
  water vapor and heat.
• Only nuclear energy can produce hydrogen on large
  enough scales to meet future demand while
  avoiding the release of greenhouse gases.

These battery-like devices inside hydrogen
vehicles convert hydrogen and oxygen into water,
in the process producing electricity and heat
that can power a motor.