Vaccinations

1
Vaccinations

• N. Matthew Ellinwood, D.V.M., Ph.D.
• AnS 224
• Spring 2009

2
Introduction

• Edward Jenner first used vaccination in 1796 for
  treatment of smallpox
• He found that the cow pox virus protected against
  smallpox
• Before 1000 CE this process was used in India
• Humans were inoculated with small pox and only
  received 1/10 of the disease
• Variolization
• 1885- Pasteur developed a vaccine for rabies
• Prevented the disease after exposure

3
Types of Vaccines

• Attenuated virus or modified live
• Produces an active infection
• Virus is grown by passing it through something
  other than the normal host for 30 generations
• Duck or chicken eggs
• Virus can grow but modifies itself to be
  successful in the eggs
• Usually will not allow disease to occur after
  vaccination but elicits an immune response

4
Type of Vaccines

• Recombinant virus
• Recombinant vaccines are created by utilizing
  bacteria or yeast to produce large quantities of
  a single viral or bacterial protein. This protein
  is then purified and injected into the patient,
  and the patient's immune system makes antibodies
  to the disease agent's protein, protecting the
  patient from natural disease.
• Little chance of the host getting sick from the
  vaccination
• Only the protein is injected, not the whole
  organism

• http//vetmedicine.about.com/od/vaccinations/f/FAQ
  _recomvacc.htm

5
Types of Vaccines

• Killed Virus
• Very dangerous pathogens
• Why wouldnt we want to use attenuated vaccines
  for dangerous pathogens?
• May not illicit immune response
• There can be reversions or mutations that occur
  that make the pathogen virulent again.
• Polio

6
Vaccination Concerns

• Fibrosarcomas
• Cancer of the connective tissue at vaccination
  site
• Not metastatic but invasive
• Common in cats
• Cats require viral subunit vaccinations and
  killed vaccines
• Cats have specific sites for vaccination
• Hind right leg for rabies
• Hind left leg for feline leukemia
• Frequency of vaccinations should be minimal as
  well as use of vaccines with adjuvents

7
Other concerns

• Over vaccination
• Immune mediated disease
• Autoimmune diseases
• Usually target red blood cells
• Vaccinoses
• Figmentary disease of vaccinated cases

8
Administering Vaccinations

• Injection
• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular (painful!)
• Intradermal
• Into the dermis
• Tedious and painful
• Inoculation
• Intranasal Boradatella brontaceptica
• Baited vaccines
• Limits the spread of rabies among raccoons

9
Schedule of Vaccinations

• Vaccinations should be started at 6-8 weeks of
  age and performed every 2-4 weeks
• Kittens can wait out to 12 weeks
• Puppies can wait out to 16 weeks
• Maternal immunity is longer lasting, especially
  for parvo virus
• Vaccinations should be started earlier (i.e. 5
  weeks) if animal is in a stressed environment

10
Rabies Vaccination

• How often?
• Once a year
• Initial vaccine must be boosted by state law
• First vaccination is primary
• Subsequent vaccinations are boosters
• Anamnestic response
• Body is remembering the response