Mobility in the future

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Mobility in the future

• The Hydrogen Society

Made by Hans, Liv, Christian, Kristian, Agnete
and Charlotte. Slagelse Gymnasium, Denmark.
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Do you feel the heat? do you sense the smog?-
Its a worldwide issue
- But what can we do?
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Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier

• An important technology for the development of
  the hydrogen society
• Hydrogen is not an energy source, but we can use
  it as an energy carrier to store the energy
  produced with renewable energy sources
• Hydrogen has a heating value of 240 kJ/mole, but
  the challenge is to reach a high enough density

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What is the Hydrogen Society?
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Why researching in hydrogen?

• Environmental problems
• Pollution
• CO2 emission
• Strong green house gasses
• Political and economical issues
• Increasing oil prices are unstablelizing our
  society.
• Renewable energy sources could make countries
  independent of foreign energy.

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Production of Hydrogen

• Two most developed methods
• Steam reforming
• Electrolysis

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Steam Reforming

• Method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons
  e.g. methane
• Theory
• CH4 H2O ? CO 3 H2
• CO H2O ? CO2 H2
• Short-term solution
• Most cost efficient
• Still produces CO2
• Can be captured by sequestration

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Electrolysis

• Method of dividing water into hydrogen and oxygen
• Theory
• Cathode 4 H2O 4 e- ? 2 H2 4 OH-
• Anode 4 OH- ? O2 2 H2O 4 e-
• Long-term solution
• Still expensive
• Clean
• Truly sustainable

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Hydrogen Storage
The challenge is to store big amounts of H2 in a
small space
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Hydrogen Storage

• We have chosen two types of storage which have
  the greatest potential

• Hydrogen tablets

• Metal hydrides

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The Hydrogen Tablet

• Based on metal ammines
• A common salt, found in the sea MgCl2
• ammonia, NH3, e.g. made of liquid manure
• This tablet contains 1 L hydrogen gas
• Contains 9.1 wt hydrogen
• A safe storage method
• Not toxic, not flammable or explosive

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The Hydrogen Tablet

• MgCl2 6 NH3 (ammonia) ? Mg(NH3)6Cl2
• Release the ammonia by heating up the tablet
  (180C)
• Convert the ammonia to hydrogen gas
• 2 NH3 ? 3 H2 N2
• Currently used for reducing NOx emissions in
  vehicles

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Metal Hydrides

• Made by metal or metal alloys
• Hydrogen is split into the surface
• H22M ? 2H 2M ? 2MH
• Must contain 6.5 wt to be useful
• Complex hydrides Li, Na or Al and
• a little amount of a heavy metal like Ti
• In complex hydrides 5-20 wt
• hydrogen
• Can contain 2.5 times more hydrogen than
• liquid hydrogen, compared to volume

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The Fuel Cell

• PEM Fuel Cell
• How does it work?
• Development of
• fuel cells
• To use in every electrical appliance
• Produces heat in excess of electrical energy

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The Hydrogen Car

• No emissions of toxic particles or CO2
• Only emission of pure steam
• No noise pollution
• Must include a safe and light hydrogen tank
• Hydrogen filling stations are
• needed

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What could we use all this for?

• Bringing down the air pollution less CO2 and
  toxic particles
• Improving the environment in the cities
• An interesting alternative to the fossil fuels
• Perhaps stop the global warming