Lab

1
Lab 2
Blood Cells and Blood Typing
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Blood

• Made of two components
• Formed elements 45 of blood volume
• Erythrocytes red blood cells
• Leukocytes white blood cells
• Platelets thrombocytes (clotting)
• See table 29.1, p. 363
• Plasma 55
• Contains water, lipids, proteins and clotting
  factors
• Also contain electrolytes, nutrients, hormones,
  and wastes

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Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

• Approximately 5 million per mm3
• Non-nucleated, biconcave
• Contain hemoglobin (O2 carrier)
• Produced in sternum, skull, red marrow of
  proximal humerus and femur, ribs, and ilium.

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• About 150-350 K per mm3
• Involved in blood clotting

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Leukocytes (White blood cells)

• About 7000 per mm3
• Formed in bone marrow
• Capable of ameboid movement as they squeeze in
  between cells (diapedesis) and can engulf forign
  particles (phagocytosis)
• Can have innate (without prior exposure) or
  adaptive (with prior exposure) immunity responses
• Divided into two groups Granular and Agranular

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Granular Leukocytes

• Named because they have granules in their
  cytoplasm
• Three types
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

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Neutrophils

• Most common
• Lobed nuclei of variable shape (polymorphonuclear)
  
• Move via diapedesis between blood capillary cells
• Destroy foreign material by phagocytosis

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Neutrophil
The granules absorb very little stain 2-5 lobed
nucleus 1.5X the size of erythrocytes
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Eosinophils
Two lobed nucleus Pink/orange granules in
cytoplasm 2X the size of erythrocytes
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Basophils

• Very rare
• Granules contain histomines (vasodilators) and
  heparin (anticoagulants) which allow for the
  movement of other leukocytes out of the
  capillaries and into infected cites
• Involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions

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Basophils
Granules stain very dark Nucleus is S
shaped 2X the size of erythrocytes
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Agranular Leukocytes

• Named because they lack cytoplasmic granules
• Two types
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

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Lymphocytes

• Two groups (B-cells and T-cells) that arise from
  fetal bone marrow
• B-cells become plasma cells when activated and
  make antibodies
• Provide antibody-mediated immunity
• T-cells provide cell-mediated immunity
• Destroy bacteria or virus infected cells and
  transplanted or cancerous cells (Natural Killer
  cells)

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Lymphocytes
Large, unlobed nucleus with flattened or dented
area Clear cytoplasm that appears as a thin halo
around large nucleus
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Monocytes

• Activated by T-cells
• Major phagocytic cells
• Important in presenting foreign antigens to
  T-lymphocytes
• Become macrophages after exiting the blood

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Monocytes
Large cells with kidney-bean or horseshoe shaped
nucleus 3X the size of erythrocytes
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• Neutrophils
• 60-70
• Appendicitis or other bacterial infections
• Eosinophils
• 2-4
• Allergic reactions or parasitic infections
• Basophils
• 0.5-1
• Allergic reactions and radiation
• Lymphocytes
• 25-33
• Viral infection and antibody-antigen reactions
• Monocytes
• 3-8
• Chronic infections such as tuberculosis

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Causes red blood cells to enlarge and change
  shape (from doughnut to sickle) thereby
  decreasing blood flow and O2 transport to tissues
• Occurs when person inherits two abnormal alleles
  (one from each parent)
• Inheritance of only one allele confers a
  resistance to malaria

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• people with two normal alleles die from malaria,
  people with two sickle-cell alleles die from
  complications of sickle-cell disease, but people
  with one of each survive in malaria-prone areas

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Mononucleosis

• A viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and
  swollen lymph glands
• Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but can
  also be caused by other organisms such as
  cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both viruses are members
  of the herpes virus family.

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Blood Tests and Typing

• Terms to Know
• Antigens- large molecules (glycoproteins) that
  occur on outer membrane of cells and react to
  antibodies
• In blood, called agglutinogens
• Antibodies occur in the plasma, are secreted by
  plasma cells, and attach to antigens causing them
  to stick together (agglutination) and be broken
  down by white blood cells
• In blood, called agglutinins

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Blood Typing

• The two most common methods in clinical setting
  are ABO and Rh systems
• ABO system person has one of four blood types
  A, B, AB, or O determined by the presence of
  antigens
• A type have A antigens and produce B antibodies
• B type have B antigens and produce A antibodies
• AB type have A and B antigens and produce no
  antibodies
• O type have no antigens and produce A and B
  antibodies (called anti-A and anti-B antibodies)

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Transfusion Reaction

• If a person with blood type A receives a
  transfusion of type B, the anti-B antibodies
  attack the B antigens in the blood that was
  introduced into the system
• If the reaction is severe enough death may occur

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Rh Factor

• Based on blood genotype involving D and
  d alleles
• DD and Dd are Rh (85 of population)
• The Rh antigen is present, but the anti-Rh
  antibody is absent
• dd is Rh- (15 of population)
• Anti-Rh antibodies are normally not present in
  the blood, but develop in a Rh- person after
  exposure to the Rh antigen

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• If a pregnant woman is Rh- and she gives birth to
  a child that is Rh, sometimes fetal and maternal
  blood mix
• When mothers blood is introduced to Rh blood,
  she may develop antibodies against Rh
• If the next child is Rh, antibodies in the
  mothers blood will attack the Rh antigens in the
  child (due to adaptive immunity)
• Called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or
  erythroblastosis fetalis

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Next Week

• Quiz 2
• Study Questions
• Exercise 29 all
• Exercise 30 1, 4-6, 8, 11
• Next Lab s 31 32
• Structure of the Heart
• Electrical Conductivity of the Heart