Towards Carbon Neutrality:

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Towards Carbon Neutrality HSBC Environmental
Technology Partnership
Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?
Keith Tovey (?.?.???? ???) M.A., PhD, CEng,
MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School
of Environmental Sciences, University of East
Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK ?????????
????????????? ????????????, ????????????
????????? ??????, ?????? NR4 7TJ,
??????????????. ??????????,
???????????,???, NR4 7TJ, ??
CRed
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• Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?
• How do we define carbon neutrality?
• Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an
  aim?
• What should we consider?
• With the School of Environmental Sciences (a 5
  department), can we be sure that our analysis
  avoids criticism?

• What is extent of carbon footprint at present?
• What our boundaries?
• How should we tackle carbon neutrality?
• Do we need independent verification?

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What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at
present?Where is Energy used?

• Gas consumption
• Central Heating Boilers
• CHP generation
• Cooking / laboratories
• Other sites Village, NAM, remotely heated
  buildings (EFRY)
• Heating Oil consumption (backup for boilers)
• Electricity Consumption
• Transport

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What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at
present?What Boundaries should we use?

• Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus
• How do we track how we are getting on?
• What about expansion? - should we track our
  performance on a student unit basis?. - would
  allow comparison with other similar
  institutions.

• What should be included?
• teaching and communal areas
• what about residences ??

• Transport?
• activities associated with UEA
• how are these defined? What if there is no
  documentary evidence of travel
• - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies
  Government British Council etc.
• transport to and from home of workforce??

• Procurement
• equipment purchased
• food and drink consumed on premises

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How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved?
Indirect Action
Other Offsets
Gold Standard Offsets
Planting Trees
Indirect Activities - Can these count?
Green Electricity
Direct Action
Travel plan Park and Ride, biodiesel
Renewable generation Solar, Wind, Biomass
Conversion efficiency improvements
Conservation technical improvements
Conservation management improvements
Conservation by awareness raising
What if we install renewable electricity
generation and sell the ROCs? We could not then
claim this action as carbon neutrality? double
counting
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Conservation by awareness raising
Results of the Big Switch-Off
BUT
With a concerted effort savings of 25 or more
are possible
How can these be translated into long term
savings?
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Conservation by awareness raising

• Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24th October 2005
• Next to window
• Provide no extra light
• Reception Staff are aware
• Cannot be switched off except from within Office
• Cause emission of 400 kg of CO2 a year.

Switch has now been taped to prevent it being
turned on
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Conservation technical improvements
The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Cost 6 more but has heating requirement 25 of
average building at time. Building Regulations
have been updated 1994, 2002, 2006, but
building outperforms all of these.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating
boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the
Carbon Index Scale.
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Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation
Quadruple Glazing
Quadruple Glazing
Thick Insulation
Thick Insulation
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
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Principle of TermoDeck Operation
Filter
Supply duct to hollow core slabs
Incoming Air
Heater
Exhaust Air
Two channel regenerative heat exchanger
Exhaust Air from rooms
Diffuser
Floor Slabs

• Air is circulated through whole fabric of
  building

• Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 87
  efficient

• Air is circulated through whole fabric of
  building

• Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 87 efficient

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Conservation management improvements
User Satisfaction
thermal comfort 28
air quality 36
lighting 25
noise 26
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy
consumption.
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to
work in
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Conservation technical improvements
Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental
Research
Carbon Trust Low Energy Building of the Year
2005
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Conservation management improvements
The Green Corridor
On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow
corridor was solely provided by red switch.
The Yellow Corridor
Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch
as an afterthought
Lack of co-ordination can make things go wrong
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Renewable generation Solar, Wind, Biomass
34 kW Photo-Voltaic array exports electricity
on summer Weekends Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW
Turbines 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration
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Renewable generation Solar
Peak output is 34 kW
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91 efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less
than 60 efficient
Need an integrated approach
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Localised generation makes use of waste
heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly
61 Flue Losses
36 efficient
86 efficient
Engine heat Exchanger
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Before installation
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Heat Heat Heat
1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923
Emission factor kg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
After installation
This represents a 33 saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer plant cannot
be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Normal Chilling
Adsorption Chilling
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW ?????
The Adsorption chiller will save around 700
tonnes CO2
??????????????? ????????700?CO2
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Conversion efficiency improvements

• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP
• Will provide most of chilling requirements in
  summer
• Will reduce electricity demand in summer
• Will increase electricity generated locally
• Save 500 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

• BUT EU ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!!
• Allocations based on recent historic performance
• Penalises early action
• Penalises greater utility (and hence
  efficiency) of plant
• we will emit more CO2 locally but save overall
• Allocation should be based on unit of
  performance
• Present system rewards the less efficient plant

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Transport

• Have do we measure transport emissions?
• What do we include?
• Documentary evidence needed
• But how do we account for a journey to London?
• Should we use gross emissions of a train or
  incremental emissions?

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Train Composition Norwich London (ex Anglia
Railways)
unit tonnes number total weight seats per coach total seats
Loco 84.5 1 84.5 seats per coach total seats
FO 33 2 66 42 84
BFK 33 1 33 24 24
SO 33 6 198 60 360
DBSO 33 1 33 30 30
Total     414.5 Total 498
Electricity Consumption 32.48 Wh/tonne km
average loading 70
30.93 Wh/tonne km empty stock
Figures derived from Office of Rail Regulation
Report ORR/CT/RECRV/191
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Distance (km)  Loading ()   Energy (kWh)   Total Carbon Dioxide   Emission per passenger  Incremental Emission per passenger 
Norwich       (kg)  (kg) (kg) 
Diss 32.2 15 423 219 2.93 0.07
Stowmarket 55.5 25 735 381 4.23 0.13
Ipswich 74.4 40 993 515 4.90 0.17
Maningtree 89.3 65 1206 624 5.24 0.21
Colchester 101.8 70 1385 717 5.51 0.24
Chelmsford 137.2 90 1910 989 6.11 0.32
Shenfield 152.5 90 2136 1107 6.38 0.36
Stratford 179.8 90 2542 1317 6.85 0.42
Liverpool St 185.0 85 2619 1357 6.94 0.44
Driving to London 32 kg Train
7 kg
Incremental Train 0.5 kg
Emission per passenger-km 24.5 g
incremental 2.4 g
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How Green is Green Electricity?
93.2 of Renewable Obligation is met by Major
Suppliers 55.8 by ROCs
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How Green is Green Electricity?
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How Green is Green Electricity?
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How Green is Green Electricity?
Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms
Online ROC Register Wind farm kW Turbines MW Capacity Developer Operator Owner
November 2004  R00138RQEN Bambers Farm/ Mablethorpe II  600 8  4.8  Ecotricity     
July 2004  R00131RQEN Ford Motors   1800 2  3.6  Ecotricity     
July 2003  R00126RQEN Swaffham Extension  1800 1  1.8  Ecotricity     
June 2002  R00055RQEN Mablethorpe  605 2  1.210  Ecotricity  Ecotricity  Ecotricity 
April 2001  R00016SQSC Sainsburys, Langlands Park  605 1  0.605  Ecotricity  Ecotricity  Sainsburys 
July 2000  R00029RQEN Somerton  1800 1  1.8 Ecotricity  Ecotricity  Ecotricity 
August 1999  R00027RQEN Eco Tech Centre  1500 1  1.5  Ecotricity  Ecotricity  Ecotricity 
December 1996  R00028RQEN Lynch Knoll  500 1  0.5  Ecotricity  Ecotricity  Ecotricity 
Data for July 2004
Accreditation ID Start Number End Number No. ROCs Month Date Issued Status Registered Holder
R00131RQEN 704 3990704 400 01/07/2004 08/11/2004 1530 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00126RQEN 704 2000704 201 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00055RQEN 704 1700704 171 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00016SQSC 704 660704 67 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00029RQEN 704 1750704 176 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00027RQEN 704 1500704 151 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00028RQEN 704 600704 61 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 1139 Redeemed LONDELEC
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How Green is Green Electricity?

• What is needed for Transparency
• The total amount of renewable electricity
  generated by their plant.
• The total number of ROCs they held
• The total number of customers on their Green
  Tariffs
• The total amount of electricity supplied through
  their Green Tariffs
• The total number of consumers
• The total electricity sales to all consumers
• A clear declaration of what their respective
  tariffs are for non green and green tariffs
• An indication of how these tariffs are derived
• The actual tariff (responsibility of the
  supplier)
• The distribution charges (responsibility of DNO
  and common to all suppliers)
• The meter reading chargers (repsonsibility of
  meter reading company)

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Conclusions

• UEA needs to clearly define what it means by
  Carbon Neutrality.
• Boundaries of our consideration need to be
  addressed.
• Significant steps have been taken already.
• Further renewable energy projects are planned.
• BUT we need to
• Make awareness more effective.
• Further enhance Management issues.
• Tackle transport both institutionally and by the
  individual.
• Consider methodology for transport analysis
• Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs

"If you do not change direction, you may end up
where you are heading."
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist
philosopher