Mongolian National Folklore Ensemble,

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Mongolian National Folklore Ensemble, Praise of
Altai Mountains, Voices of the Steppe
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The Rise of the Mongols
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The Rise of the Mongols
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The Rise of the Mongols
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The East Asian Cycle of Relations between Nomads
and Settled Peoples

• Steppe peoples need goods produced by settled
  agriculturists
• Settled agriculturists have some use for steppe
  goods

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• Strong Chinese state, plus a strong steppe
  empire, followed by,
• Simultaneous collapse, followed by,

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• Conquest of North China by a foreign (Manchurian)
  dynasty, followed by,
• Restoration of native Chinese dynasty and rise of
  a Steppe Empire

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• Conquest of North China by a foreign (Manchurian)
  dynasty, followed by,
• Restoration of native Chinese dynasty and rise of
  a Steppe Empire

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• Chin and Han (221 BC- 220 AD)
• Sui and Tang (581-907)
• Sung (960-1279)

• Hsiung-nu (209 BC - 153 AD
• First Turkish, Second Turkish, Third Turkish
  (552-840)
• Mongols

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Chingiz Khans Unusual Rise

• Usual paths to power in the steppe
• Hereditary rulers of established and united
  tribes
• Reorganizers of a disintegrating nomadic state
• Election

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Chingiz Khans Unusual Rise - 2

• Chingiz does not fit these patterns
• His tribe is often disloyal
• Not a secondary founder of a decaying nomadic
  state
• Not elected, until already master of the steppe

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The Bases of Chingizs Power

• Personal followers (nökod)
• Distrust of relatives
• Requires daring military feats
• The army
• Cuts across tribal lines
• Personal guard
• An artificial tribe
• 1206 a critical juncture

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War with China

• 1211 massive raids in North China
• Failure of the raids
• Adoption of Chinese military technology
• Policy of conquest

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The Dar al-Islam

• Khwarazam-shah (Ala al-Din Muhammad II)
• Weakness of the shahs position
• Army (composed of Qipchaq Turks) unreliable
• Poor relations with Persians
• Poor relations with the Sunni ulema
• The Caliphate, dominant in Iraq
• Saljuq Turks

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The Turn West

• Conquest of Kara-Khitai, 1218
• Conquest of Transoxiana and Khurasan, 1219
• Mongol policies
• Systematic massacre Herat, Nishapur, etc.
• Goal punishment, not conquest
• Russia and the battle of the Kalka, 1223

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The Turn West

• Conquest of Kara-Khitai, 1218
• Conquest of Transoxiana and Khurasan, 1219
• Mongol policies
• Systematic massacre Heart, Nishapur, etc.
• Goal punishment, not conquest
• Russia and the battle of the Kalka, 1223

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From Raids to Conquest

• Conquest of Russia, 1236-1242
• Push into central Europe
• The White, or Golden Horde
• Iran and Mesopotamia
• Hülegü
• Baghdad 1258
• Damascus, 1260
• China , 1279

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