BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES Organic Cpds'

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BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Organic Cpds.

• CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS (fats)
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Called macromolecules because of size

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BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES

• The following four types of molecules are
  biologically important enough for us to consider
  in this class
• CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS (FATS)
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

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Biologically important elements - CHNOPS

• All need to gain e- to fill outer level
• All form covalent bonds
• All are small, stable elements
• All except H can form bonds with two or more
  other atoms
• Are found in various combos in organic compounds

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Organic Molecules

• Carbon SKELETON
• H and O bonded to Cs
• Specific FUNCTIONAL groups attached to Skeleton

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Functional GroupsHydroxyl group

• Alcohols
• Chemical formula -OH

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Functional GroupsCarboxyl group

• Organic acids
• Chemical Formula -COOH

CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
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Functional GroupsAmino group

• Ammonia, amino acids
• Chemical Formula -NH2

CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
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Functional GroupsSulfhydryl group

• Rubber, proteins
• Chemical Formula -SH

CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
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Functional GroupsPhosphate group

• ATP, Nucleic acids
• Chemical Formula -PO4

CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
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Other functional groups

• Methyl
• Aldehyde
• Ketone

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Building Macromolecules

• Anabolic reactions
• Require cellular energy
• Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
• Most built using same kind of repeating monomer
  units to form larger polymers

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Dehydration Synthesis RxnRemoves water join
monomers to form polymer
H2O
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Breaking of macromolecules

• Catabolic reactions
• Breaks down polymers into smaller monomer units
• Releases energy in the bonds that holds units
  together
• Hydrolysis reaction
• Most macromolecules digested by this type reaction

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Hydrolysis ReactionAdds water breaks polymer
into monomers
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CARBOHYDRATES

• Sugars and starches
• Usually have a 121 ratio of CHO in their
  empirical formulas
• Glucose C6H12O6
• Note most abundant organic cpd

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Carbohydrates Functions

• Main energy source molecules
• Short term storage and transport of energy
• Structural molecules in many forms of life

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3 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

• MONOSACCHARIDES - SIMPLE SUGARS - monomer units
• DISACCHARIDES - DOUBLE SUGARS (Oligosaccharides
• POLYSACCHARIDES - STARCHES - MANY SUGARS
• Note saccharide sugar

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Carbohydrates -

• Monosaccharides are main energy sources
• Disaccharides are often transport forms
• Polysaccharides are often structural, also used
  for storage

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A MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE

• The empirical formula for glucose is
• C6H12O6
• The structural formula may vary somewhat
  depending on several factors

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DRY GLUCOSE
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GALACTOSE (stereoisomer of glucose)
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DISSOLVED GLUCOSE
ALPHA GLUCOSE
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MOLECULAR TRIVIA

• Notice that molecules can be expressed in a
  variety of ways

C6H12O6
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA

• ISOMERS are molecules which have the same
• empirical formulas but different structural
  ones
• Example glucose and fructose

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MAKE A DISACCHARIDE
GLYCOSIDIC BOND - AN OXYGEN BRIDGE BETWEEN
MONOSACCHARIDES
WATER MOLECULE
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DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

• Dehydration synthesis or Condensation reactions
  remove water from between molecules to form bonds
• This is the principal way in which ANABOLISM
  occurs
• How would you digest a glycosidic bond to break
  it down or do CATABOLISM ?

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DIGEST DISACCHARIDES
Water must be inserted to digest this bond and
break down this molecule !
WATER MOLECULE
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DIGEST DISACCHARIDES
HYDROLYSIS - water splitting is how
digestion occurs water must be added
!
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Both dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis are
enzyme controlled processes
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LIPIDS

• Lipids include the fats, oils , waxes and
  steroids
• Basically insoluble in water
• Are nonpolar substances
• Composed of C H O more H than carbohydrates

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Lipid Functions

• LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE
• INSULATION
• PADDING
• WATERPROOF COATING
• CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
• HORMONES

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4 BASIC TYPES OF LIPIDS

• TRIGLYCERIDES (FATS AND OILS) - used for storage,
  insulation and padding
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS - cell membrane structure
• WAXES - waterproof coating
• STEROIDS - hormones (chemical messengers)

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TRIGLYCERIDES
Triglycerides consist of GLYCEROL with
three attached FATTY ACIDS
H
FATTY ACIDS
GLYCEROL
Dehydration Synthesis Reactions attach fatty
acids to glycerol
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FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acids have an even number of carbons-
between 12 20
Hydrocarbon chain with many carbon and hydrogen
atoms
Carboxyl group makes this an ACID molecule
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SATURATED OR UNSATURATED ???
SATURATED
Animal fat, solid at room temp, bad fat
UNSATURATED
Plant fat, liquid at room temp, good fat
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TRIGLYCERIDES
Three dehydration reactions to form three ester
bonds makes a triglyceride
3 water molecules
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Are similar to the triglycerides in structure...
• Glycerol and fatty acids are present
• But so is a PHOSPHATE GROUP

FATTY ACID
FATTY ACID
PHOSPHATE GROUP
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Let this represent a phospholipid
HYDROPHOBIC tails
FATTY ACIDs
PHOSPHATE GROUP
HYDROPHILIC head
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic
  ends, they make great cell membrane molecules if
  arranged like this in a bilayer

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STEROIDS

• Steroids are not true lipid molecules
• The only lipid-like feature of steroids is their
  insolubility in water

Steroids look something like this
Four or Five carbon rings bonded together
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STEROIDS
TESTOSTERONE AND ESTROGEN ARE ALSO STEROIDS