Years AD

1
World population (billion)
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2500
3000
Years (AD)
2
350
300
GJ/capita
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
GDP/capita (in thousand US 1997)
Source IMF, BP
3
350
300
GJ/capita
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
GDP/capita (in thousand US 1997)
Source IMF, BP
4
350
300
GJ/capita
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
GDP/capita (in thousand US 1997)
Source IMF, BP
5
900
800
700
600
500
CO2 concentration (ppm)
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Thousands of years ago
6
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7
World primary energy 2005
Source IEA 2007, REN 2006
8
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9
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10
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11
ITER compared to coal burner
12
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13
The president has made achieving commercial
fusion power the highest long-term energy
priority for our Nation USA DoE Office of
Science Strategic Plan, February, 2004
14
China wants to be among the first nations to
generate electricity from fusion Chinese
government, when China joined ITER, January 2003
15
South Korea will grow into one of the world's
top five countries in nuclear fusion energy
technology by 2021, and will start commercial
generation of electricity through nuclear fusion
by 2040. President Roh Moo-Hyun, Sept 2007
16
Europe's contributions to ITER will ensure that
the EU stays at the forefront of this field. I
am convinced that we have to vigorously pursue
our objective to realise fusion energy. For a
safer and sustainable future of our planet. EU
Commissioner Potocnik, 2005
17

• Europe, the USA, Japan, China, Russia, S-Korea
  and India
• want fusion because
• Zero CO2, Clean, Safe
• Security of supply
• No proliferation issue

18
Design your own
Fusion
reactor
19
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20
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21
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22
Fuel Hydrogen isotopes
23
The d-t reaction
deuterium tritium helium
neutron
an incredible amount of energy!
24
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25
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26
AIR
27
Very small magnetron sends 1 W magnetron waves
28
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29
How to avoid heat loss?
Insulation
Size
30
How do you heat things to 150 Million K?
In an oven!
31
Oven
32
Oven
33
Oven
Plasma
34
Oven
Hot plasma
35
Oven
Hot plasma
36
The Tokamak
37
Concept improvement continues
38
Concept improvement continues
39
Concept improvement continues
40
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41
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42
The fusion symphony
43
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44
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45
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46
MAST (Culham, UK)
47
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48
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49
Safety
Not a chain reaction
Fuel for 1 minute in the reactor
stop fuel supply ? reaction stops
50
Safety
The fuel Deuterium and Lithium are harmless. No
transports of radio-active material
The reaction product Helium is harmless
Intermediate reactant tritium weak
beta-emitter, but (radio)toxic.
Inner wall of the reactor slowly activated, but
No long lived radio-active waste
No greenhouse gas emissions
51
Permanent
5-6 year
2 year
Magnet
Coolant manifold
Blanket
Vessel
Cold shield
Divertor
(Power Plant Conceptual Study)
52
Waste?
Comparable to ashes of coal plant
53
Progress in fusion has been fast
10
1
0.1
0.01
Power multiplication
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
1965
54
1960
55
1970
56
1980
57
1990
JET
58
2017
ITER
59
Cant fusion be small?
At equal pressure

• Fusion power ? L3
• Required heat ? ? L
• (? heat coefficient)

60

A thousand
commercial plants

Commercial plant
DEMOnstration
plant
ITER (10-fold power multiplication)
61
released fusion power (MW)
radius of the tokamak (m)
62
Will fusion come in time?
63
European energy spending
Energy bill 1000 Billion a Energy subsidy
30 Billion b Energy RD 2 Billion
c Only 0.2 is spent on energy RD! a IEA
world energy investment outlook, 2003 b EEA,
Energy subsidies in the European Union A brief
overview, 2004, c IEA Governmental energy RD
data base EU framework programme
64
EU energy subsidy and RD30 Billion Euro
65
100
80
Oil price (in 2006 US)
60
40
20
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
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