Agroforestry in Pennsylvania and Opportunities

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Agroforestry in Pennsylvania and Opportunities
Challenges from Native Medicinal Forest Plant
Husbandry Eric Burkhart Mike Jacobson Penn State
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Agroforestry
Forest farming
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Invasives
Deer!
High Grading
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Context

• Shift from efficient production to sustainable
  production
• Economic decline in rural communities
• Soil erosion
• Pollution
• Water quality
• Monocultures
• Top five in nation for land use change due to
  development

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Interest in Agroforestry (PA)
  Mean (1-5) Mean (1-5)       Mean (1-5) Mean (1-5)
  PASA WOA Total Male Female
Windbreak 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.0
Alley Cropping 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.5
Silvopasture 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.4
Riparian Buffers 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.9
NTFP 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.4
CTM 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4
Patio Gardens 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.2 3.4
1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested 1 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested
Significantly different between PASA and WOA
at .05 level Significantly different between
PASA,WOA, male and female at .05 level
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Timber-Related Practices
Non-Adopters
Specialty Crop Production
Livestock- Related Practices
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Cluster 3 Progressive Land Manager

• Interest in Agroforestry
• NTFP, Patio Gardens
• CTM
• Windbreaks, Riparian Buffers
• Benefits
• Environmental Conservation
• Obstacles
• Access to Information
• Biophysical Compatibility

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Cluster 4 Recreational Land Manager

• Interest in Agroforestry
• No Interest in Agroforestry
• Crop Tree Management
• NTFP / Patio Gardens
• Benefits
• Wildlife Habitat
• Economic
• Obstacles
• Feasibility
• Compatibility

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Outreach
On-farm demos Workshops Seminars Magazine
articles Tours Newsletters Grower
Groups Extension Agents Univ. Specialists Intern
et Neighbors Family members Radio Programs
Significantly different at .05 level
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Extension

• Three Scenarios for Adoption Potential
• Timber-Related Practices
• Livestock-Related Practices
• Specialty Crop, Small-Scale Intensive Practices
• Each one reaches a different audience and
  requires different collaborators
• Demonstration sites

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Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP)

• Also referred to as
• Nontraditional, secondary, minor, non-wood,
  specialty
• USDA Forest service term special forest
  products
• Can be classified into four major product
  categories
• Culinary
• Wood-based
• Floral and decorative
• Medicinal and dietary supplements

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Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP)

• One of the most basic and critical distinctions
  is whether harvesting is destructive or
  non-destructive
• Destructive roots, rhizomes, bark, wood
• Non-destructive berries, nuts, leaf material,
  fungal fruiting bodies

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Value-added
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Forest farming

• An alternative income opportunity
• Domestication/cultivation of forest botanicals
• Take pressure of wild resources
• Keep land forested

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The husbandry continuum
Wild collection (w/ seeding)
Propagation (forest, intensive)
Propagation (forest, non-intensive)
Wild collection (w/ no seeding)
Propagation (field, intensive)
Wild collection (w/ extra seeding)
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Why botanicals?

• Health
• Are beautiful plants
• Concern over habitat loss
• Income?
• There are markets?

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On-going forest botanical (NTFP) market study

• Production viability analysis is based upon a 5
  year price average from wholesale buyers
  (1999-2004)
• Also looking at price/market trends over time
  (30 years)
• Many production assumptions that are still being
  fine tuned
• Assume same price for woods cult wild sim
  (exception ginseng).
• Time to production (3 woods cult, 5 wild sim)
• Seed and propagation material costs
• Yield estimates (roots per pound, yield per area)

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Species

• Black cohosh
• Bloodroot
• Goldenseal
• Mayapple
• Ginseng
• Burdock

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
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Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

• Marketable products
• root (6 years)
• seed
• Season fall
• Price paid 220-1,500/kg (root)
• Demand very strong
• Uses tonic, stress, mental efficiency, physical
  performance, fatigue, anti-cancer

• Uses

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Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
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Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

• Season fall
• Price paid 35-120/kg (root) no data for leaf
• Demand steady and significant
• Uses tonic, mild laxative, anti-inflammatory,
  antibacterial, bitter, uterine stimulant, stops
  internal bleeding, astringent
• Marketable products
• root (3 yr. old)
• leaf
• despite its notoriety, little clinical research

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Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)

• Marketable products
• root (3 yr. old)
• Season fall
• Price paid 6-20/kg (root) 4.50-10.00 per
  plant as an ornamental
• Demand significant
• Uses medicinal (promotes menstrual flow
  regularity, anti-rheumatic) and ornamental
• RemiFemin (GlaxoSmithKline)

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Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
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Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)

• Marketable products
• root (4-7 yr. old)
• Season Fall
• Average root weight 95 plants/lb.
• (Price paid 16-35/kg (root) 4.50-10.00 per
  plant as an ornamental
• Demand steady
• Uses medicinal (cancer, topical, expectorant,
  antiseptic, antibacterial) and as an ornamental

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Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
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• Uses
• toxic
• anticancer properties
• laxative
• Warts
• Price about 1/kg

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Common Burdock Arctium lappa
Uses Skin conditions Laxative Food Price
about 3/kg
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Prices

• 5 year average from various sources
• American Botanicals
• Strategic Sourcing, Inc.
• Hawk Mountain Trading Co.
• Ohio River and Fur, Inc.
• Same prices woods and wild grown, except ginseng.
• Costs labor, seed costs, equipment

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Woods-Cultivated yield on 0.04 ha (kg) Woods-Cultivated Avg. price/kg () Wild-simulated yield on 0.04 ha (kg) Wild-simulated Avg. price/kg ()
Black cohosh 18 5 8 5
Bloodroot 20 18 10 18
Goldenseal 11 39 3 39
Mayapple 5 1 2 1
Burdock 27 3 12 3
Ginseng 33 220 8 770
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True price vs. market price

• Thats why there is little cultivation of these
  botanicals
• Wild-crafting has costs as well finding the
  plants
• Costs
• How to overcome?
• Pursue different markets (direct, value-added,
  nursery instead of medicinal)
• Future and current certification (organic?)
• Emphasize quality not quantity
• Stay abreast of market trends
• Buyers needs - Insurance

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Summary

• Ginseng stands alone
• Potential for other NTFPs
• Role for policy makers