Title: If Development is not Engendered, it is Endangered
1If Development is not Engendered, it is
Endangered
2Gender Terms
3Gender
- Refers to the economic, social, political, and
cultural attributes and opportunities associated
with being male or female. - The social definitions of what it means to be a
woman or a man vary among cultures and change
over time. - OECD, 1998
4Sex
- Refers to the biological differences between
males and females. Sex differences are concerned
with males and females physiology.
5Gender Equity
- Process of being fair to women and men, including
using measures to compensate for historical and
social disadvantages that prevent men and women
from operating on a level playing field. - CIDA, 1996
Gender Equality
The state or condition that affords women and men
equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued
goods, opportunities, and resources. SIDA, 1997
6Gender Integration
- Refers to strategies applied in program
assessment, design, implementation, and
evaluation to take gender norms into account and
to compensate for gender-based inequalities.
Gender Mainstreaming
The process of incorporating a gender perspective
into policies, strategies, programs, project
activities, and administrative functions, as well
as institutional culture of an organization.
7Womens Empowerment
- Improving the status of women to enhance their
decision-making capacity at all levels,
especially as it relates to their sexuality and
reproductive health.
Constructive Male Engagement
Promotes gender equity with regard to
reproductive health, increases men's support for
women's reproductive health and children's
well-being, and advances the reproductive health
of both men and women.
8Homophobia
- Irrational fear of, aversion to, or
discrimination against homosexuals or homosexual
behavior or cultures. Homophobia also refers to
the self-loathing by homosexuals as well as the
fear of men who do not live up to societys
standards of what it is to be a true man.
Heterosexism
The presumption that everyone is heterosexual
and/or the belief that heterosexual people are
naturally superior to homosexual and bisexual
people.
9Overview of USAID ADS Requirements and USG
HIV/AIDS Legislation
10USAID, Gender, and Development
- Through attention to gender issues, our
development assistance programs will be more
equitable, more effective and ultimatelymore
sustainable. - USAID Gender Plan of Action, 1996
11USAID, Gender, and Development
- Men and women have different access to
development programs and are affected differently
by USAID activities. - USAID seeks to understand these differences, to
improve the efficiency and overall impact of its
programs, and to ensure that both women and men
have equitable access to development activities
and their benefits. -
- From USAIDs Automated Directives System (ADS)
12ADS Key Questions for Planning
- How will gender relations affect the achievement
of sustainable results? - How will proposed results affect the relative
status of men and women? - Are women and men involved or affected
differently by the context or work to be
undertaken? - If so, would this difference be an important
factor in managing for sustainable program
impact?
13ADS Requirements, Sep 2008
- Mission Strategic Planning
- ADS 201.3.9.1 Statement of Strategic Objective
- ADS 201.3.9.3 Gender Considerations
- How will gender relations affect the achievement
of sustainable results? - How will proposed results affect the relative
status of men and women? - ADS 201.3.11.6 Activity Design
- Are women and men involved or affected
differently by the context or work to be
undertaken? - If so, would this difference be an important
factor in managing sustainable program impact?
14ADS Requirements, Sep 2008
- 201.3.11.16 Activity Approval
- Outline the most significant gender issues that
need to be considered during implementation and
describe expected outcomes. - If the Operating Unit determines that there are
no significant gender issues, provide a brief
rationale to that effect. - ADS 203.3.4.3 Reflecting Gender Considerations
in Performance Indicators - Gender-sensitive indicators
- Sex-disaggregated data
- ADS 302.3.5.15 and 302.3.6.3 Incorporating
Gender Considerations into Evaluation Criteria
for Competitive Solicitations
15Illustrative Examples of Gender Evaluation
Criteria
- For Program Implementation and Evaluation
- Gender research, analyses, or assessments, and
consultations with womens advocacy groups - Gender-equitable consultation and participation
in all phases of activities - Gender considerations in activity design,
training, and procurement actions - Sex-disaggregated data for indicators and targets
- For Institutional Capacity
- Commitment to gender in previous contracts,
cooperative agreements, or grants - Gender-equitable policies and mission statements
- Publications on gender issues
- For Staff Qualifications
- Key personnel with demonstrated sectoral and
gender analysis skills - Position descriptions that require gender
expertise, especially for leadership positions
16Gender in the Foreign Assistance Framework
- Two gender sub-Key Issues are identified in the
Operational Plan - Increasing Gender Equity
- Reducing Gender-based Violence
- The sub-Key Issues cut across all Functional
Objectives - All individual-level indicators to be
disaggregated by sex
17Gender and PEPFAR
18USG Global Five-year HIV/AIDS Strategy (PEPFAR I)
- Recognizes gender inequality as driving HIV and
contributing to the devastation of HIV/AIDS - Calls for efforts to target men with messages
that challenge norms about masculinity - Calls for efforts to mitigate and reduce violence
- Gapsespecially in the areas of treatment and
care
19Gender in PEPFAR Strategy
- Two-pronged approach
- Gender integration in all program areas
(prevention, care, and treatment) - Programming along five strategic, cross-cutting
areas - Implementation 5-year country strategies, COP
technical guidance and review, TA, and resources
from Gender Technical Working Group (GTWG),
gender focal points/advisors
20Fighting the gendered dynamic that is frequently
transmitted with the disease itself must become a
critical component of any expanded HIV-prevention
programs in the next phase of U.S. HIV/AIDS
efforts.
Senator Russell Feingold, May 2007
21Five Key Legislative Issues PEPFAR I
- Increasing gender equity in HIV/AIDS
activities and services - Reducing violence and coercion
- Addressing male norms and behaviors
- Increasing womens legal protection
- Increasing womens access to income and
productive resources
221. Increasing gender equity
- PEPFAR-supported programs should promote
proactive and innovative strategies to ensure
that men and women and girls and boys have access
to prevention, care, and treatment services. This
includes tailoring services to meet the unique
needs of various beneficiary groups.
232. Addressing male norms and behaviors
- Men can play a critical role in promoting gender
equity, preventing violence, and promoting sexual
and reproductive health. Recognizing that men
can either impede or promote health
interventions, PEPFAR encourages country teams to
develop programs that promote positive male
engagement and behavior change.
243. Reducing violence and coercion
- Women who live in fear for their lives (and their
childrens lives) and who are unable to make
their own decisions about sex are at a greatly
increased risk of becoming infected with HIV.
Reducing violence against women increases their
access to services and their ability to negotiate
safer sex and take advantage of education and
employment activities.
254. Increasing womens access to income and
productive resources
- PEPFAR recognizes that womens and girls lack
of economic assets increase their vulnerabilities
to HIV. Providing women with economic
opportunities (increasing access to employment,
training, and microfinance activities) empowers
them to avoid high-risk behaviors, seek and
receive healthcare services, and better care for
their families.
265. Increasing womens legal protection
- Many of the norms and practices that increase
womens vulnerability to HIV and limit their
capacity to deal with its consequences are
reinforced by policies, laws, and legal practices
that discriminate against women. Women denied
enforceable legal rights and protections,
including property and inheritance rights, are
often unable to meet the basic needs of survival
for themselves and their children, increasing
their vulnerability to HIV.
27Gender Analysis Integration
28I. Gender Analysis
29What is Gender Analysis?
- Gender analysis draws on social science methods
to examine relational differences in womens and
mens and girls and boys - Roles and identities
- Needs and interests
- Access to and exercise of power
- and the impact of these differences in their
lives and health.
30How does Gender Analysis Help Us Design and
Manage Better Health Programs?
- Through data collection and analysis, it
identifies and interprets - The consequences of gender differences and
relations for achieving health objectives, and - The implications of health interventions for
changing relations of power between women and
men.
31Different Approaches, But Two Fundamental
Questions
- How will gender relations affect the achievement
of sustainable results? - How will proposed results affect the relative
status of men and women? (I.e., will it
exacerbate inequalities or accommodate or
transform gender relations?)
32To Understand Gender Relations, Many Gender
Analyses . . .
- Examine different domains of gender relations,
e.g. - Practices, Roles, and Participation
- Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions
- (some of which are norms)
- Access to Resources
- Rights and Status
33What are the Different Constraints and
Opportunities Faced by Women and Men?
- How do gender relations (in different domains of
activity) affect the achievement of sustainable
results? - How will proposed results affect the relative
status of men and women (in different domains of
activity)?
34Different Domains of Gender Analysis
- Practices, Roles, and Participation
- Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions (some of
which are norms) - Access to Assets
- Legal Rights and Status
- ? Power
35Practices, Roles, and Participation
- Gender structures peoples behaviors and
actionswhat they do (Practices), the way they
carry out what they do (Roles), and how and where
they spend their time (Participation).
- Participation in
- Activities
- Meetings
- Political Processes
- Services
- Training Courses
36Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions (some of
which are norms)
- Knowledge that men and women are privy towho
knows what - Beliefs (ideology) about how men and women and
boys and girls should conduct their daily lives - Perceptions that guide how people interpret
aspects of their lives differently depending on
their gender identity
37Access to Assets
- The capacity to access resources necessary to be
a fully active and productive (socially,
economically, and politically) participant in
society.
- Assets
- Natural and productive resources
- Information
- Education
- Social capital
- Income
- Services
- Employment
- Benefits
38Legal Rights and Status
- Refers to how gender affects the way people are
regarded and treated by both customary law and
the formal legal code and judicial system. - Rights
- Inheritance
- Legal documents
- Identity cards
- Property titles
- Voter registration
- Reproductive choice
- Representation
- Due process
39Power
- Gender relations influence peoples ability to
freely decide, influence, control, enforce, and
to engage in collective actions. - To exercise decisions about
- Control (acquire and dispose of) resources
- Value certain knowledge more than other
- Ones body (reproductive choice)
- Children
- Choice of occupation and participation in
activities - Affairs of the household, community,
municipality, - and state
- Voting, running for office, and legislating
- Entering into legal contracts
- Moving about and associating with others
40In Short, Gender Analysis Reveals Gender-based
Opportunities and Constraints
Gender-based Opportunities are gender relations
(in different domains) that facilitate mens or
womens access to resources or opportunities of
any type.
- Gender-based Constraints
- are gender relations (in different domains) that
inhibit either mens or womens access to
resources or opportunities of any type.
41Different Contexts
- And remember, gender constraints and
opportunities need to be investigated in specific
contexts, as they vary over time and across
- Social relationships
- Partnerships
- Households
- Communities
- Civil society and governmental organizations/insti
tutions
- Sociocultural contexts
- Ethnicity
- Class
- Race
- Residence
- Age
42II. Integrating Gender into the Program Cycle
43Strategic Information and Program Life Cycle
ASSESSMENT What is the nature of the (health)
problem?
1
EVALUATION How do I know that the strategy is
working? How do I judge if the intervention is
making a difference?
STRATEGIC PLANNING What primary objectives should
my program pursue to address this problem?
2
5
3
4
DESIGN What strategy, interventions, and
approaches should my program use to achieve these
priorities?
MONITORING How do I know the activities are being
implemented as designed? How much does
implementation vary from site to site? How can
the program become more efficient or effective?
44Moving from Analysis to Action
- Key tips
- Based on the analysis of gender constraints and
opportunities - Specify sub-objectives and actions and
- Tie indicators to change in specific constraints
and opportunities.
45Using a Worksheet (Table 1)
Program goal and/or overall health objective
__________________________________________________
____ Step 1 Conduct a gender
analysis of your program by answering the
following questions for your
program goal or objective.
A. What are the key gender relations inherent in each domain (the domains are listed below) that affect women and girls and men and boys? B. What other potential information is missing but needed about gender relations? C. What are the gender-based constraints to reaching program objectives? D. What are the gender-based opportunities to reaching program objectives?
Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies
Practices, roles, and participation Knowledge, beliefs, perceptions (some of which are norms) Access to assets Legal rights and status Power and decision making
46Using a Worksheet (Table 2)
Steps 2-5 Using the information you entered in
Table 1, answer the following questions for your
program goal/objective.
Step 2. What gender-integrated objectives can you include in your strategic planning to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Step 3. What proposed activities can you design to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Steps 4 5. What indicators for monitoring and evaluation will show if (1) the gender-based opportunity has been taken advantage of or (2) the gender-based constraint has been removed?
47Small Group Work
- Instructions for Exercise
- Read your assigned case study
- Groups 1A and 1BCase study 1 (fill in)
- Groups 2A and 2BCase study 2 (fill in)
- Complete Table 1, identifying gender-based
opportunities, constraints, and missing
information - Complete Table 2, identifying gender
sub-objectives, activities, and indicators - Record highlights of your responses on flipchart
paper - Groups 1A and 2ATable 1
- Groups 1B and 2BTable 2
48Resources at USAID
- Interagency Gender Working Group (IGWG)
- WID Office
- USAID Gender Specialists
- PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group
49Thank You!