Microcomputer Architecture

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Microcomputer Architecture
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Computers - Basic Architecture

• Computers have
• Input
• Output
• Storage (Memory)
• Connectivity (can be seen as an IO channel)

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Using the Computer
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Basic components

• Certain Key Components
• The Central Processor
• Central Memory (RAM - Volatile Memory)
• Permanent Storage
• Input
• Output

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What Do Computers Do?

• They add
• They Subtract
• Which is negative addition
• They multiply
• Which is adding multiple times
• They Divide
• Which is negative adding a bunch of times
• They do more complicated things
• Square roots, power functions, exponentiation,
  logarithms
• All by numeric approximation which is addition
• They move the data around that they add.
• Thats all

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The CPU

• Functions as the arithmetic unit of the computer
• It operates according to its clock cycle
• A 1.8 GHz computer has a clock that cycles 1.8
  billion times per second

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Some simple binary arithmetic

• People count by 10s
• Because we have ten fingers
• Computers count by ones
• Because magnetic storage media can electricity
  can be easily set to on and off
• Or 0 and 1

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Counting in Base 2 (Binary)
Decimal Binary
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
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Other Bases are useful as well
Decimal Binary HexaDecimal
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 10 2
3 11 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
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Binary addition

• Adding Binary Numbers is Simple
• 3 Rules
• 0 0 0
• 1 0 1
• 1 1 10 ( 0 and carry the 1 to the next
  higher column)

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Graphic Representation of Addition
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Register 1
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Register 2
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Accumulator
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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Does this look familiar

• Binary Addition is the electrical/electronic
  application of the exclusive or from logic
• Many numbers that are encountered frequently in
  computers arise from binary arithmetic
• More Info

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Get on the Bus

• Computers read data on the buses that te CPU
  has
• Two Buses of note
• Data Bus
• The data read into (or written from) the CPU or
  memory
• Address Bus
• The spot in memory to read from or write to

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Digital Systems

• So, in the end, we can see that computers simply
  move ad add 0s and 1s.
• And out of this, we can build incredibly rich and
  complex experiences
• Such as
• Or

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