Nutritious and Safe Fish

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Nutritious and Safe Fish
Charles R. Santerre, Ph.D. Foods and Nutrition
2
The Contaminant Issue Past, Present and Future
Charles R. Santerre, Ph.D. Foods and Nutrition
3
Whats the concern?

health risks
contaminants enter feed through fish oil and fish
meal
farmed fish
4
Presentation Overview

• Healthy Fats in Fish
• Pesticide Residues
• PCB Residues
• chemistry and toxicity
• total PCB vs. TEQ
• EWG - PCBs in Farmed Salmon
• Importance of Rapid Assays
• PCBs in Fish Oil Supplements
• Future Research

5
Healthy Fats in Fish

• consumption of long chain omega-3 fatty acids
  as found in fatty fish may reduce the risk of
  coronary heart disease ISSFAL, 1994
• An estimated 250,000 American die each year from
  sudden cardiac death
• AHA
• DHA is important for brain development

6
Possible Mechanisms

• Preventing arrhythmias
• Decreasing platelet aggregation
• Decreasing plasma triglycerides
• Moderately decreasing blood pressure
• Reducing atherosclerosis
• Small increase in HDL cholesterol
• Modulating endothelial function
• Decreasing pro-inflammatory eicosanoids
• NAS, 2002

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Dietary Recommendations

• National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
• EPA DHA 0.13-0.14 g/day (nursing/pregnant)
• International Society for the Study of Fatty
  Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL)
• EPA DHA 0.65 g/d
• American Heart Association (AHA)
• 2 servings (57-85 g per serving) of fatty fish
  per week
• EPA DHA 1 g/d (heart disease patients)

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Chemical Structures - EPA and DHA

• EPA - eicosapentaenoic acid C205 n-3
• DHA - docosahexaenoic acid C226 n-3

3
3
9
Food Sources Farmed vs. Wild Fish
USDA Nutrient Database, Release 14 (2001)
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Dietary Recommendations How much fish do you
need to eat?
781
506
364
328
107
109
84
52
51
35
15
7
11
If you consume 227 g/wk, what of recommended
levels do you get?
500
497
900
450
800
400
700
350
600
300
267
500
250
Daily intake (g)
Percent of EPA DHA
400
200
300
150
107
200
100
70
58
100
50
41
31
7
9
6
37
4
0
0
Rainbow
Lt. Tuna
Rainbow
Lt. Tuna
Atlantic
Channel
Atlantic
Channel
catfish
trout
(Canned)
catfish
trout
(Canned)
salmon
salmon
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Pesticide Residues
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Pesticide Residues
Catfish Trout Crayfish (n257) (n33)
(n38)
DDT No. of positive samples 142 9 3 Avg.
total DDT (ppm) 0.043 0.013 0.047 action
limit (5 ppm) 0.86 0.26 0.94 Range
(ppm) 0.01-0.29 0.01-0.04 0.01-0.11 Chlordane
No. of positive samples 5 0 0 Avg. total
chlordane (ppm) 0.045 0 0 action limit
(0.3 ppm) 15.00 0 0 Range
(ppm) 0.03-0.092 0 0 Dieldrin No. of
positive samples 7 1 0 Avg. dieldrin (ppm)
0.019 0.01 0 action limit (0.3 ppm) 6.33
3.33 0 Range (ppm) 0.01-0.03 0.01 0
Santerre et al., 2000
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Pesticide Residues
Catfish Trout Crayfish (n257)
(n33) (n38)
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) No. of positive
samples 2 0 0 Avg. HCB (ppm) 0.01 0 0
action limit (none) NA NA NA Range
(ppm) 0.01 0 0 Heptachlor epoxide No. of
positive samples 5 0 0 Avg. heptachlor
epoxide (ppm) 0.012 0 0 action limit (0.3
ppm) 4.00 0 0 Range (ppm) 0.01-0.02 0 0 Ch
lorpyrifos No. of positive samples 27 0 0
Avg. chlorpyrifos (ppm) 0.072 0 0
action limit (0 ppm) gt100 0 0 Range
(ppm) 0.01-0.37 0 0
Santerre et al., 2000
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PCB Residues
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

• 209 congeners
• Aroclors include 60 congeners
• Aroclor 1 2 6 8

12 carbons
chlorine
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Common Aroclors GC Profiles
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

• Dielectric fluid in capacitors and transformers
• Industrial fluid in hydraulic systems
• U.S. production banned in 1976
• 35 of 50 States in U.S. have issued sportfish
  consumption advisories for PCBs

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EPA/823-R-93-003, 1993
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PCB Toxicity

• Human exposures Japan, 1968 and Taiwan, 1976
  (rice oil)
• B-2 carcinogen i.e., sufficient evidence for
  animals and probable evidence for humans
• U.S./Canadian Limit (fish tissue) 2 ppm
  expected to increase cancer risk by 1 in 10,000
• IRIS - RfD (cancer) 0.005 ug/kg bw/d
• IRIS - RfD (non-cancer) 0.02 ug/kg bw/d
• 0.036 ppm in raw edible fish tissue for 60 kg bw
  eating 32.4 g/d (227 g/wk) does not include PCB
  losses during cooking (30-50)

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PCB Toxicity (cont.)

• 6-yr to clear from the body
• passes through placenta and milk
• infants exposed to high levels
• have altered postnatal development
• have low birth weight and smaller head
  circumference
• have poorer short-term memory

Safe, 1992 EPA/823-R-93-003, 1993
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PCB Residues Farmed Fish
Catfish Trout Crayfish (n257) (n33)
(n38)
PCB No. of positive samples 18 3 0 Avg.
total PCB (ppm) 0.133 0 0 action limit
(2.0 ppm) 6.65 0 0 Range
(ppm) 0.07-0.32 0 0
Santerre et al., 2000
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Maximum Total PCB Recreational Fish
PCB (ppm)

• Creek Chub 425
• White Sucker 355
• Rock Bass 300
• White Crappie 235
• Spotted Bass 220
• Green Sunfish 110
• Black Bullhead 64
• Channel Catfish 41
• Carp 35

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Sportfish Advisory for At-Risk Populations
Group 1 - 1 meal / week lt0.05 ppm Group 2 - 1
meal / month 0.06-0.22 ppm Group 3 - No
consumption 0.22-0.95 ppm Women who are
pregnant or breastfeeding, women who will become
pregnant, and children under age of 15
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EPA Fact Sheet - Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Update Impact on Fish Advisories
(EPA-823-F-99-019)
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EWG - PCBs in Farmed Salmon

• Country Import N PCB (ppm)
• Canada (31) (4) 0.022-0.033
• US (6) (2) 0.025
• Europe (7) (2) 0.032 0.068
• Chile (56) (2) 0.006 0.010
• 16x dioxin-like PCB levels as wild salmon
• eat no more than 1 time per month

Environmental Working Group, 2003
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WHO Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEF)
Ahlborg et al., 1994 Van den Berg et al., 1998
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WHO Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEF)
Ahlborg et al., 1994 Van den Berg et al., 1998
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Toxic Equivalency Quotient (TEQ)

• Compound Amt. (pg/g wet) TEF TEQ (pg/g)
• PCB 77 493 0.0001 0.0493
• PCB 114 1960 0.0005 0.98
• PCB 126 132 0.1 13.2
• 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.2 0.01 0.002

S TEQ 14.23 pg/g
x 32.42 g/d
WHO Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) 1-4
461 pg/d
461 pg/d
6.4 TDI (pg TEQ/kg bw/d)
72 kg bw
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Sources of PCB (TEQ) in U.S. Diet
Pork 5 (58 g/d)
Poultry (82 g/d)
Milk 2 (27 g/d)
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Farmed Salmon (2.5 g/d)
Marine Fish/ Shellfish
13.6
Beef (78 g/d)
63
Other Fish (16 g/d)
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8.4
EWG estimated PCB (TEQ) intake from farmed fish
45 salmon 22 catfish
NAS, 2003
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Importance of Rapid Assays
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Classic Analytical Method
Fish Homogenate
Petroleum ether extract
Residue
Acetonitrile
Petroleum ether
Aqueous acetonitrile
Petroleum ether
Florisil
Fraction 1
Fraction 2
Fraction 3
Silica Gel
Fraction 1
Fraction 2
Fraction 3
GC/ECD
Fong et al., 1999
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Limitations of the Standard Method

• Turn-around time
• Cost
• Waste

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ELISA 1. Analyte of unknown
concentration and known amount of enzyme-
conjugated form of analyte are
combined with antibody. 2-3. Competitive
binding occurs 4. Substrate added 5.
Color is produced by conjugated-enzyme
and substrate 6. Concentration of
analyte is inversely proportional to
color (Fong
et al., 1999)
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Chlorpyrifos by ELISA and GC/ECD
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Total PCB by ELISA
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PCBs in Fish Oil Supplements

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PCB Intake When Following Label
Fish oil Cod liver oil
Algal oil
Shim et al., 2003
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PCB Intake when meetingRecommended Intakes
Organization
6-82
4-53
1-12
Percent of RfD
Shim et al., 2003
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Future Research

• Determine which PCB, dioxin and furan congeners
  predict TEQ Toxicity EQuivalence in fish
• Develop a rapid (lt24 hour) and low cost (lt200)
  method for measuring the TEQ predictive congeners
• Validate the model with farmed salmon from
  various locations

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Pew Charitable Trust (2.5 million) Study

• Farmed vs. Wild salmon
• SUNY-Albany, Cornell, IU, UM
• Contaminants PCBs, dioxins, furans, dieldrin,
  toxaphene mercury?, PBDEs?
• Lipids EPA and DHA
• 700 samples collected over 2 years. Start 2001.
• Wild salmon from British Columbia and Alaska
• Farmed salmon from Canada, US, Europe, Chile
• Status in review by Science w/ release 3-6 mo.

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Brominated Flame Retardants (PBDEs)
"Whatever these chemicals are doing to your body,
I can guarantee one thing I know they are
probably not good for you" -- Dr. David
Ozonoff, Boston University
penta-brominated biphenyl ether
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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Rate limiting step
eicosanoids i.e., prostaglandins, thromboxanes,
leukotrienes
eicosanoids i.e., prostaglandins, thromboxanes,
leukotrienes
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Graduate students Ping Wan, Indiana State
Chemist Office Joanne Lasrado, FN Soon-Mi
Shim, Food Science Cooperators Paul Brown,
Forestry Keith Wilson, Forestry Jay Burgess,
FN Jim Stahl, IDEM Jim Zaijcek, USGS,
Columbia, MO Don Tillitt, USGS, Columbia,
MO David Deardorff, Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Parshall Bush, University of
Georgia George Lewis, University of Georgia Jay
Shelton, University of Georgia Jim Davis, Texas
AM Bob Grodner, Louisiana State
University Reba Ingram, Mississippi State
Chemist Cheng-I Wei, Auburn University Dehai
Xu, Auburn University Jeff Hinshaw, North
Carolina State University