Upgrade Plans for the Advanced Photon Source (APS)

1
Upgrade Plans for the Advanced Photon Source
(APS)

• A presentation made at Brookhaven National
  Labroatory
• October 29th, 2007
• J. Murray Gibson
• Associate Laboratory Director for Scientific User
  Facilities, Argonne National Laboratory
• Director, Advanced Photon Source

2
APS scientific impact continues to grow
Refereed publications
56 of journal papers hadimpact factor gt 3.5
(2006)
Unique Users
3411 unique users in 2007
3
APS science today
Understanding malaria resistance, Baxter et. al.
PNAS, 104, (2007)
Fighting AIDS with Kaletra
The nanostructure of cement Allen et. al. Nat.
Mat. (2007)
Nanocrystalline ferrihydrite - wastewater
filter? Michel et. al. Science 316, 1726 (2007).
Caged metal ions in solution Wilsaon et. al.
Inorg. Chem, 46, (2007).
Better thermal barrier coatings, Chiritescu et
al., Science 315, 351 (2007)
Dislocation walls are lumpy Levine et. al. Nat.
Mat (2006)
4
APS science today
How does radiation kill? Daly et. al., PLoS Biol.
5 (2007).
Preventingmass As poisoning
Cu angiogenesis, Finney et. al. PNAS, 104, 2247
(2007).
Understandingthe core-mantleboundary
New H2O2 alloy at high P-T Mao et
al., Science 314, 636 (2006).
Atomic level vision improves permanent
magnetsHaskel et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95,
(2005)
5
APS science today
Individual atomic steps on orthoclase Fenter et.
al. Nat. Phys. 2, 700 (2006).
Dynamics of antiferromagnetic domain walls -
Shpyrko et. al. Nature 447, 68 (2007)
Stressed-out gels, Chung.et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett.
96 (2006)
Osteoporosis, Stock et. al.
Fluid sprays, Wang et. al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89.
(2006)
Magnetic Instability Regions in Patterned
Structures, Han et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98
(2007)
Big Bugs, Socha et. al. Science, (2007)
6
APS science tomorrow
New PX beamlineswith micro-focusing
Ultrafaststudies
7
APS science beyond tomorrow
new beamlines
Dedicated beamlinesDetectors, softwareand
instrumentation
Would revolutionize imaging/coherenceapps and
focusing for spectroscopy, diffraction Expands
time-resolved research
and an upgraded ERL machine design
8
Creating more dedicated beamlines - mission from
2003
2003
2009
Tailored insertion devices 03 compared with 09
(plan)
9
New Intermediate energy x-ray beamline (funded)
APS is a superb source of intermediate energy
x-rays
APPLE-II 100 mA 7 GeV 2.4 m device
High-energy angle-resolved photoemission Resonant
elastic scattering Proposal made by P. Abbamonte
(U. Illinois), J.C.Campuzano (U. Illinois) and
J. Allen (U. Michigan) Funded as a CDT
(Coolabroative Development Team)jointly by NSF,
DOE
10
Physics in High Fields -gt A high DC field (35T)
beamline (proposed)
More powerful magnets would enable new types of
experiments Normal SC magnets limited to 17T
Higher fields require hybrid magnets
New Magnet Technology
Existing Magnets
Ferromagnetism Magneto-calorics Magneto-electrics
Metamagnetism
Charge,Orbital, Structure in Oxides
Frustrated magnets, molecular magnets
Heavy Fermions
Normal State in high-Tc
Vortex Physics
30
10
0
20
40
Academy endorsed..
Magnetic Field (Tesla)
11
Next generation light sources offer revolutionary
performance

• Ultra-high coherence (up to 1000 x better than
  todays 3rd gen sources)
• Ultra-short pulses (up to 10,000 times shorter
  than todays 3rd gen sources)
• Together with higher signal (photons per pulse,
  and/or per unit solid angle and bandwidth
  (BRILLIANCE))
• In this talk I will focus on the energy-recovery
  LINAC (ERL) concept, a source which will provide
  essentially complete spatial coherence
• This is ideally suited for imaging, probe forming
  and speckle applications
• Areas which are growing rapidly today at 3rd gen
  sources
• The ERL also can produce very short pulses for
  special applications, but the primary
  revolutionary source of short pulses will be the
• X-ray laser
• e.g. LCLS, XFEL, JASRI

12
What is the fourth generation revolution in x-ray
sources?
Storage ring
Energy-RecoveryLINAC
LINAC source(gt FEL)

• Extremely high peak brilliance
• Full spatial coherence
• Ultrashort pulses
• Temporal coherence with seeding in future
• Relatively low pulse rep rate
• Fewer users

• High average brilliance
• Full spatial coherence
• Many users
• Ready tunability
• High flux
• Short pulses but closely spaced and lower of
  photons per pulse

• Many users
• Ready tunability
• High flux
• Low brilliance
• Long pulses

13
Imaging and the energy-recovery LINAC
110 years

• Imaging is back at the forefront of x-ray
  science!
• Next generation sources offer full coherence
  which will revolutionize x-ray imaging and
  related coherent applications
• What is happening in x-ray imaging today at APS
  and elsewhere?
• New ERL sources and upgrades to storage rings
  being considered

14
Frontier tools different regimes of full-field
x-ray imaging
near-fieldFresnel
far-field Fraunhofer
2a
X-ray beam
z a2/l
z gtgt a2/l
absorptionradiograph
phasecontrast
in-line holography
coherent diffraction
Miao et al. Nature (1999).
Jacobsen (2003).
Kagoshima et al. JJAP (1999).
15
Full-field imaging Biomechanics and animal
physiology
pure diffusion
very small critter
?
insect
pure convection
human
Field museum of Chicago APS, Argonne National
Lab.
16
Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging
? Coherent diffraction imaging is much like
crystallography but applied to noncrystalline
materials
? First proposed by David Sayre in 1980, and
first experimental demonstration by John Miao et
al in 1999 using soft x-rays
? Requires a fully coherent x-ray beam
17
High-speed imaging of fuel and liquid sprays
Y. J. Wang, Kyoung-Su Im, K. Fezzaa, W. K. Lee,
J. Wang, P. Micheli, and C. Laub, Quantitative
x-ray phase-contrast imaging of air-assisted
water sprays with high Weber numbers, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 89, 151913 (9 October 2006).
Left Three-dimensional rendering of the
air-assisted coaxial spray in the near-nozzle
region of an industrial paint spray gun (Illinois
Tool Works, Inc.) with an air pressure of
137kPa.  The false color intensity represents the
liquid volume fraction, which was quantified for
the first time with the x-ray phase-contrast
imaging.  (Courtesy of Francesco De Carlo of the
APS.)
paint spray gun
fuel spray in engines
X-ray flash imaging at 300ns !!
18
STXM example - Defect engineering for
less-costly solar cells
T. Buonassisi et al. Nature Materials August 14
(2005)
quench only LD8mm
quench re-anneal LD18mm
Frequency
slow cool LD25mm
Diffusion Length µm
µ-XRF
Multicrystalline mc-Si

• Metal impurities in mc-Si
• Device performance?
• Defect engineering?

19
X-Ray fluorescence imaging of single bacterial
cells
Kemner et al. Science 306, 686 (2004).
m-XANES

• Redox states Cr(III)

A planktonic bacterium cell before exposure to
Cr B planktonic cell after exposure to 1000 ppm
Cr(VI) Isolated planktonic cell accumulates Cr,
looses typical cellular elements, and stains
dead Surface adhered cell does not take up Cr,
shows no change in elemental content, and remains
alive
Attachment of prokaryotic cells to surfaces
modulates elemental content and response to
environmental challenges
20
An ERL would produce almost fully-coherent
illumination (transversely) gt probing complex
materials dynamics by x-ray photon correlation
spectroscopy (XPCS)

• e.g. Photon correlation spectroscopy becomes 4
  orders of magnitude faster ?

Glassy dynamics
Dynamics of membranes
Better detectors will reach sub-ms
21
High Pressure Materials, Engineering, Geological
and Space Sciences. J. B. Parise, H.- K. Mao,
and R. Hemley at Cornell ERL Workshop (2000)

• HP experiments are brightness-limited. Time
  resolved experiments for plasticity, rheology
  measurements, phase transitions, etc. are
  especially photon starved.
• Higher P ? smaller samples.
• No ideal pressurization medium ? need to scan
  sample.
• Peak-to-background critical.
• ERL will greatly extend pressures and samples
  that can be studied.

Parise, Hemley Mao
22
X-rays complementary to other imaging techniques.

• X-ray sources better suited for studying large
  volume samples and doing some averaging
  (scattering cross section is low relative to
  electrons, radiation damage is comparable)
• Precision measurements of structure, lattice
  spacing and strain, magnetization..
• Higher spectroscopic sensitivity to low
  concentration
• Or, in-situ experiments where penetration is
  needed

Transmission Electron Microscopy
23
Multiple timescales in chemical processes
Solvent relaxation
Vibrational relaxation
G. R. Fleming Chemical Applications of Ultrafast
Spectroscopy 1986
Electronic relaxation
Energy transfer in photosynthesis
Molecular rotation
Electron transfer in photosynthesis
Vibrational motion
Torsional dynamics of DNA
Photodissociation
Electronic dephasing
Proton transfer
Protein internal motion
Photoionization
Photochemical Isomerization
Time
10-15
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-16 sec
Lasers
ERL
Synchrotron X-ray
Synchrotron X-ray
XFEL
24
Short pulses at APS a step towards the future
A million photons in a trillionth of a second at
sector 7 in 2009
25
Fast dynamics FeRh lattice-expansion phase
transition
Motivation Explore correlated magnetic and
structural phase transitions in a material
of technological interest

• Ultrafast laser induces magnetic phase
  transition (500 fs) and anomalous lattice
  expansion
• Present measurements on homogeneous thin films
• Material may have applications in laser assisted
  recording

heat spot
D. Walko et al.
26
Ultrafast What do we want?
High repetition rate of ERL lends itself to
structural studies of the linear response of
systems to a perturbation.
Physics Physics
Linear Non-linear
Pump weak, high rep rate strong, slow rep rate
Probe weak weak
27
Elementary Excitations
Want to measure the structure of a single exciton
in a single-walled carbon nanotube
28
An ERL has been recently considered as a viable
upgrade path for APS

• We are examining options for a major APS upgrade
  in the next decade
• The ERL looks very promising, and has been
  considered along with storage ring enhancements,
  FELs and other possibilities
• Proposed and developed by Cornell
• Natural upgrade path for storage ring such as APS
• Can be done without compromise or major
  disruption
• Much RD is needed for the ERL, and we plan to
  partner on research and development in next few
  years

29
Status of Facilities for the Future 20-Year
Outlook By the End of FY 2008
Ray Orbach 9/21 update to BESAC
Technology readiness changed Changed due to
planned facility abroad
30
Controlling Matter and Energy Five Challenges
for Science and the Imagination
Ongoing BESAC study
Ray Orbach charges groupto develop plan for 21st
Centurylight sources in this context (08)

• Graham Fleming and Mark Ratner
• September 20, 2007

Please note This material has not yet been
reviewed or approved by BESAC.
31
Cornell DC Gun BNL AES SRF Gun
RD for x-ray source ERLs going on worldwide
several years RD on superconducting RF for LINAC
design needed ERL construction and
commissioning could be possible as gun
development continues (Gun is challenging) APS is
beginning to participate in ERL RD
32
Questions to be addressed by ERL Beam Dynamics RD

• How can the required ultra-low emittance be
  produced and preserved with the required bunch
  charge?
• Design gun and merger using evolutionary
  algorithms, targeting 0.1 micron emittance, 23
  ps rms bunch length for 20 pC/bunch
• Such performance not yet demonstrated even in
  simulation
• Explore options for DC and rf guns, both normal
  and superconducting
• What is the most cost-effective configuration
  that preserves emittance?
• Develop options for single- and multi-pass linacs
  in various configurations
• Explore alternatives to complex TBA-based designs
  that sufficiently control both coherent and
  quantum radiation effects
• How can beam instabilities be controlled at
  25100 mA average current?
• Apply standard codes to evaluate and improve
  lattices and cavities for resistance to beam
  break-up (BBU) instability
• Model ion trapping and explore use of kickers to
  create bunch gaps
• Develop integrated ELEGANT simulation that
  includes BBU, resistive wall, chamber wakes,
  detailed transport, etc.

33
ERL Beam Dynamics RD

• What is the expected level of beam loss and how
  can it be reduced and managed?
• Reach an understanding of beam halo generation
  and propagation, starting at the gun
• Perform careful modeling of beam loss and
  propagation of shower products
• Perform careful design of collimation and
  shielding
• Do predictions of ERL performance hold up when
  integrated, start-to-end simulations are
  performed with errors and other practical issues
  included?
• Develop methods for dealing with multiple, long,
  independently-controlled insertion devices
  combined with a very small beam emittance
• Develop and model lattice correction techniques
  that succeed at a level comparable to 3rd
  generation light sources
• Develop path length adjustment methods to
  maintain efficient energy recovery in the face of
  seasonal, tidal, and user-related changes.

34
Proposed ERL Test Facility

• APS supports building a 25 mA, 200 MeV ERL test
  facility
• Test predictions related to beam quality and its
  preservation up to relativistic energies
• Assess performance and reliability of rf
  cavities, dampers, and control systems in a
  realistic high-current environment
• Investigate beam loss and collimation in an
  experimental setting
• Develop high-precision, high-rate diagnostics
• Address integration issues
• We are eager to be the host or a strong partner
  in this endeavor

35
Improving Cavity Quality Factor Q0

• Light source ERLs require continuous wave (CW) rf
  power.
• Current state-of-the-art processing techniques
  can consistently produce Q0 1?1010 for
  multi-cell cavities operating at an accelerating
  field gradient of 18 MV/m at 2.0K.
• The wall-plug power for high beam current
  ERL-based light sources with a Q01?1010, is on
  the order of tens of megawatts.
• Improving niobium cavity quality factor, Q0, by
  at least a factor of two, will substantially
  reduce the overall wall-plug power consumption
• Our goal is to conduct RD to improve cavity
  quality factor by a factor of five, Q05?1010.
• Improving surface residual resistance ( our
  goal is to obtain 1n?).
• Exploring niobium cavity surface coating using
  atomic layer deposition (ALD)
• Investigating other materials ( e.g., Nb3Sn)

36
Multi-cell Cavity and Cryomodule Design for CW
Operation

• Optimizing a multi-cell cavity shape to achieve
  good accelerating gradient with high rf
  efficiency.
• Optimizing a multi-cell cavity to reduce trapped
  higher-order-modes (HOMs) inside the cavity and
  to efficiently extract and absorb HOM power.
• Designing cost-effective HOM power absorbers.
• Investigate the design of an optimized and
  magnetically-shielded cw cryomodule to reduce the
  effect of microphonics and to maintain the
  cavities high Q values.
• Investigate the design of an adjustable
  fundamental power coupler with power handling
  capability of 100 to 150 kW (cw) for 1300- to
  1500 MHz operation.

Concept of a 5-cell SRF cavity optimized for
high-current and good rf efficiency for CW
operation.
Ampere-class cryomodule concept.
37
Cathode Development for ERL Injector

• Challenge
• ERL requires electron source with an order of
  magnitude smaller emittance than that achieved in
  present injectors
• Emittance requirement is on the order of the
  intrinsic emittance of a photocathode, which sets
  the lower limit of the achievable emittance
• Critical physics near the cathode surface related
  to intrinsic emittance is poorly understood
• Approach
• Perform optimization study of laser-photocathode
  system to set boundaries on min. QE and max.
  intrinsic emittance
• Systematically characterize the intrinsic
  emittance for a variety of cathodes using
  advanced surface analysis to measure the emission
  momentum distribution (ARPES) and
  spatially-resolved cathode composition and
  surface geometry (e.g., SEM, scanning Auger)
• Benchmark improved physics models based on these
  data in a test injector
• Complementary RD
• Develop and test optimized gun designs for
  physics regime of ERL injector

38
Cavity Laser could become Possible with ERL Beam
Fully coherent (temporal and spatial) source!
Revolutionary idea
39
Upgrade Planning

• We have submitted an RD proposal to the DOE.
• We plan to hold a retreat next summer
  (Strategic Planning Meeting on the APS Upgrade)
  
• DOEs BESAC advisory committee will hold a
  workshop to address science-driven needs for new
  facilities, which is the next key step in their
  planning process.

ANL/APS efforts will be supported by ANL Lab
Funds in FY 2008

• New ERL accelerator RD funding
• New science funding
• Imaging and ultrafast science
• Additional detector development
• (total about 4M per years)

40
Summary

• APS Upgrade is timely and is encouraged by
  stakeholders.
• Choice and timing remain uncertain.
• Office of Science is committed to flourishing of
  photon sciences in the US, and APS is
  well-poised ot plan an upgrade
• We advocate the Energy Recovery LINAC.
• Revolutionary properties
• Imaging (focusing, coherence)
• Ultrafast science
• Ties in to ANL/Chicago imaging strengths.
• RD on accelerator and science is our short-term
  priority.
• We hope to be well positioned to bid for a
  project in 2-3 years.

41
Extras
42
On-axis Brilliance Tuning Curves for Current APS
Lattice vs. ERL High-coherence Mode vs. LCLS vs.
NSLS II

• Beam energy 7.0 GeV (APS), 4.3 13.6 GeV
  (LCLS), 3.0 GeV (NSLS II)
• Beam current 100 mA (APS), 25 mA (ERL High
  Coherence HC), 500 mA (NSLS II)

43
Cutting the cost of construction and operation
through multi-pass options
44
Multipass options?
and smaller
45
a dozen new 3rd generation sources opening this
decade
The World is Changing and New Tools are Available
Worlds firstX-ray FEL atSLAC
New 3rd gen sourceat Brookhaven
ESRF planning majorupgrade
ERL and FEL being developed in Japan
46
Phase contrast imaging hits Times Square last
week
47
Grand challenges identified by CMMP report

• How do complex phenomena emerge from simple
  ingredients?
• How will energy demands of future generations be
  met?
• What is the physics of life?
• What happens far from equilibrium and why?
• What new discoveries await us in the nanoworld?
• How will the information technology revolution be
  extended?
• all were addressed in my examples

The report identified tremendous opportunities
from new lights sources to address these grand
challenges, specifically seeded-FELs and ERLs,
but also recognized major RD challenges which
must be addressed
BESAC is also addressing grand challenges in
basic energy sciences
48
Imaging has Progressed Far in 110 Years

• ERL revolutionizes imaging (as good as it
  gets).
• Proposal was submitted to the State of Illinois
  for an Imaging Institute.
• Argonne has proposed to DOE the Argonne
  Scattering and Imaging Institute.
• Couples to advanced computing, microscopy and
  nanosciences at ANL.
• Couples well to partner activities
• e.g., Chicago, Northwestern, UIC Biomedicine

Electron microscopeimaging at ANL
49
The majority of our users are from academia
and a significant fraction of their research
support comes from NSF
50
And the ERL would Revolutionize Ultra-Fast Studies

• Will allow studies of nanoscale dynamics to be
  performed 10,000 times faster.
• Will access the time scale of a picosecond and
  belowfor ultrafast science (fast-track ps pulses
  at Sector 7).
• Will complement FELs, better-suited for linear
  phenomena.

FeRh