Ch' 30 Plant Evolution

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Ch. 30 Plant Evolution Classification

• The first plants were thought to be water plants
  ? Algae. Other plants evolved from algae.
• If you were to take algae out of the water would
  it live alright.
• So, how do land plants live away from water?
• Land plants developed a cuticle, which is a waxy
  protective covering, to protect against
  desiccation. Bark leaves have this.
• Does algae have a cuticle?
• Algae is not a plant its classified as a
  Protista

2
Vascular Tissue

• Vascular tissues transport food and water
  throughout the plant.
• 1. Xylem transports water. Dead cells.
• 2. Phloem transports food.
• Table 30-1 Phyla of the Plant Kingdom
• Nonvascular
• Vascular without seeds
• Vascular with seeds
• Spores haploid reproductive structure of some
  plants.
• Seeds diploid (embryo) structure with a
  protective coat and endosperm (food).

3
2 Main Groups of Plants

• 1. Nonvascular plants no vascular tissue. No
  true roots, leaves, or stems.
• Ex. Bryophyta ? Mosses
• 2. Vascular plants have vascular tissues. Able
  to transport food water. They have true roots,
  leaves, and stems.
• Pterophyta ? Ferns (spores - seedless)
• Shenophyta ? Horsetail (spores - seedless)
• Coniferophyta ? pine trees (gymnosperms).
• Anthophyta ? flowering plants (angiosperms).

4

• Bryophyta are mosses that have rhizoids.
  Rhizoids (false roots) are like roots, but they
  dont have vascular tissue. How many of you get
  moss on your fishing line when you go fishing?
• Horsetails have a cone-like structure at the tip
  called a strobilius.
• Horsetail is also called scouring rush Native
  Americans use to use it for clean pots.
• Name the main types of vascular plants
• Horsetail, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

5
Parts of a Fern

• Ferns leaves are called ? Fronds
• Ferns roots are called ? Rhizomes
• On the underneath side of a frond are several
  round structures called ? sori (plural).
• The outside covering of the sori is a induisium.
  The induisium opens up to release sporangium.
• The sori hold several sporangium. Inside the
  sporangium are spores, which are released when
  the sporangium opens up.
• Types of ferns ? Pg. 587

6
Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperm means naked seeds.
• Gymnosperms have cones with seeds.
• Ginkgo trees are one of very few deciduous tree
  that are gymnosperms.
• What does deciduous mean?
• Has anyone ever heard of a ginkgo before?
• Conifers or evergreens are the main type of tree
  in this group ? Coniferophyta.
• Oldest living organism Bristle Cone Pine
  4,000 to 5,000 years old.
• One of the most massive organisms Giant Sequoia
  about 100,000 tons.

7
Angiosperms

• Angiosperms means covered seeds.
• Anthophyta (division) Flowering plants
• Divided into 2 Classes
• 1. Monocotyledon (Monocots) 1 seed leaf or 1
  cotyledon
• 2. Dicotyledon (Dicot) 2 seed leaves or 2
  cotyledons.

8

• Monocot Characteristics
• 1. Parallel leaf venation. Ex. Corn grasses
• 2. 3 or 6 part arrangement of the flower
• 3. 1 cotyledon
• 4. Scattered vascular bundles
• Examples grasses, wheat, corn, tulips, etc.
• Dicot Characteristics
• 1. Netted leaf venation. Ex. Most tree leaves
• 2. 4 or 5 part arrangement of the flower
• 3. 2 cotyledon
• 4. Vascular bundles in a ring.
• Examples trees, most weeds, etc.

9

• What does the term deciduous mean?
• Trees that loose their leaves.
• Alternation of Generation
• This is the life cycle of plants (2 phases)
• 1. Sporophyte Generation (Diploid)
• The time when the plant produces spores or seeds
• This is the mature part of the plants life cycle.
• 2. Gameophyte Generation (Haploid)
• The time when the plant produces an egg and
  pollen (gametes).
• This is the part of the life cycle when there is
  a antheridium (male plant) and archegonium
  (female plant).
• When the male (pollen ) fertilizes the female
  (egg), that starts the sporophyte generation
  again.
• Pg. 582

10
Seeds vs. Spores

• 1. Seeds have a constant supply of food for the
  embryo from the cotyledon.
• 2. Seeds are protected during harsh conditions.
• Drought winter
• 3. Seeds adapt for easy dispersal.
• Stickers, dandelion, fruit, ect.
• 4. Seeds dont require water.
• So, how do spore plants survive if spores have
  less advantages?
• Produce more spores

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