The Cortical Hierarchy

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The Cortical Hierarchy
Planning Memory Emotion
Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus
Auto-Associative Areas
Premotor Cortex Parietal Temporal
Multimodal Special Functions Language
Intermediate Areas
Bottom-Up Fast, High-resolution
Top-Down Long-lasting, Wide-spread
Primary Sensory/Motor Areas
Sensory Inputs
Motor Outputs
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• Human Cerebral Cortex
• 20 Billion Neurons (each with 5000 inputs and
  outputs)
• 100 Trillion Connections
• 100,000 miles of fibers (1 cm 20 billion
  neurons)

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Dorsal Path How does it work?
Visual Cortex
Ventral Path What is it?
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Brodmanns map
Brocas area
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Spoken language
Reading language
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Brain, Vol. 126, No. 3, 556-566, March
2003 Clinical outcomes of hemispherectomy for
epilepsy in childhood and adolescence A. M.
Devlin, J. H. Cross, W. Harkness, W. K. Chong, B.
Harding, F. Vargha-Khadem and B. G. R. Neville
The majority of individuals in this study
demonstrated no apparent change in cognitive
performance after a median follow-up of
2.25 years. However, four subjects showed
significant improvements in IQ/DQ, indicating
improvement in developmental trajectory.
There was no significant loss of language
function following either right-sided or
left-sided hemispherectomy in this study, which
is also the reported experience of others
(Wilson, 1970 Peacock et al., 1996 Vining et
al., 1997 Duchowny et al., 1998 Wyllie et al.,
1998).
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Imaging language areas
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We Create Our Experience

• The world is too complex for our eyes.
• We use our eyes to fill in the details of our
  imagination.
• We must learn to see, to listen, to touch.
• Believing is seeing.

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Cortical Control of Eye Movements
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High resolution, color vision via the cones is
restricted to the central 10 of vision, but we
see color everywhere.
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All Learning is Prediction

• Pavlovs dogs learned that a bell ringing
  predicted that food would soon follow.
• Behavioral conditioning involves learning to
  predict rewards and punishments.
• Living is a continuous process of learning to
  predict the consequences of our actions.

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Answer The neural state that generates an
action persists until its consequences turn it
off.
Problem Prediction is a temporally inverted
association. How does the consequence reach back
in time to be linked with the action that caused
it?
How do neural states linger?
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5000 inputs
5000 outputs
Wow! 20 Billion times
Ramon y Cajal, 1899
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William James, 1893
D.O. Hebb, 1949
Joaquim Fuster, 1978
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NeuroInteractive Principles

• Behavior is continuous.
• Action comes first.
• Sensory inputs provide feedback about the
  consequences of our actions.
• Conscious perception
• is a pro-active behavior
• tests hypotheses about the world around us
• We experience the hypothesis, not the world.
• Reality testing is the hallmark of a healthy
  consciousness.

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Developmental Breakthrough
Wow!!
Every time I move my eyes what I see moves!
Action eye movement Consequence visual
movement
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Action hand movement Consequence visual movement
Developmental Breakthrough
Growth of Self to include the Hand
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I wish that loud crying sound would stop!
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Imagined World
Higher Cortical Areas
Predictions
Inhibition
Probing Actions
Sensory Consequences
Real World
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Growth of Self to Include Speech
ba ba ba ba ba ..becomes.. ba ga ba ga ga
ba As baby discovers that its vocal actions
predict sound consequences, Its actions become
more creative.
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Growth of Self to Include Mother
Mother ba ga ga ba
Baby ba ga ga ba
Wow! Look what I can make her do!
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Growth of Self to Include Others
Ill bet you that if I smile, so will you.