Fuel Specifications in Latin America: Is Harmonization a Reality

1
Fuel Specifications in Latin America Is
Harmonization a Reality ?

• Henry Joseph Junior
• ANFAVEA - Brazilian Vehicle Manufacturers
  Association
• Energy Environment Commission
• Hart World Fuels Conference
• New World Fuels in Emerging Markets Balancing,
  Cost and Benefits
• Rio de Janeiro, 21 23 June 2004

2
The Brazilian PROALCOHOL

• PROALCOHOL is the official name given to
• Brazilian Ethylic Alcohol Fuel Program
• This program was adopted in 1975 by the
  Brazilian Government, in order to face the
  international oil crisis caused by the Middle
  East War (1973).

3
The PROALCOHOL Objectives

• The PROALCOHOL had three main objectives
• To incentive the local production of ethanol fuel
  from sugar cane
• To introduce the gasoline blended with high
  volume of ethanol
• To incentive the development and production of
  straight ethanol fueled vehicles.

4
The Brazilian Ethanol Fuel
Hydrous Ethylic Alcohol ( 6,8 H2O)
Application Straight fuel for Alcohol vehicles.
Fermentation Distillation
Sugar Cane
Drying Process
Anhydrous Ethylic Alcohol (lt 0,7 H2O)
Application To be blended with
gasoline. (GASOHOL)
5
The Brazilian GASOHOL

• Gasohol is the gasoline and anhydrous ethanol
  blend .
• The retrospective of this blend in Brazil is
• 1933 ? 0 5
• 1943 ? 0 10
• 1952 ? 0 7
• 1975 ? 0 15
• 1979 ? 15 20
• 1980 ? 17 3
• 1981 ? 20 3
• 1982 ? 22 2
• 1984 ? 22 1 (adopted as official fuel for
  vehicles emission certification)
• 1989 ? 18 1
• 1990 ? 15 1
• 1992 ? 22 1
• 1996 ? 24 2
• 1998 ? 22 1
• 2002 ? 24 1

6
Brazilian Automotive Market by Fuel
7
Ethanol Characteristics as Vehicular Fuel
8
Ethanol Engine Characteristics
9
Vehicle and Engine Necessary Modifications
10
Main Concerns Related to Use of Ethanol Fuel

• Corrosive attack to the metallic materials
• Chemical attack to the polymeric materials
• Low molecular energy content
• Different air / fuel ratio for combustion
• Low vapor pressure.

11
Up to 5 Ethanol blended with gasoline
12
Up to 5 Ethanol blended with gasoline
No modifications
13
From 5 up to 10 blend
14
From 5 up to 10 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum exposed if
it is, must be substituted, protect with surface
treatment or anodize.
15
From 5 up to 10 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum exposed if
it is, must be substituted, protect with surface
treatment or anodize.
Electronic Fuel Injection It is not necessary
modifications.
16
From 5 up to 10 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum exposed if
it is, must be substituted, protect with surface
treatment or anodize.
Electronic Fuel Injection It is not necessary
modifications.
No modifications
17
From 10 up to 25 blend
18
From 10 up to 25 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover can not be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected.
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash coating.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated.
Ignition System New calibration of ignition
advance control.
Evaporative Emission System The purge airflow of
canister (activate charcoal filter) must be
higher.
19
From 25 up to 85 blend
20
From 25 up to 85 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected The material of buoy, nozzle, metering
jet, floating axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings
must be appropriated.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash coating.
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected. The
pump working pressure must be increased.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected. The fuel pressure
must be increased.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated The filter element
porosity must be adjusted.
Ignition System New calibration of advance
control Colder heat rating spark plugs.
Evaporative Emission System The purge airflow of
canister (activate charcoal filter) must be
higher.
21
From 25 up to 85 blend
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected The material of buoy, nozzle, metering
jet, floating axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings
must be appropriated.
Engine The engine compression ratio should be
higher Camshaft with new cam profile and new
phase New surface material of valves (intake and
exhaust) and valve seats.
Intake Manifold With new profile and less
internal rugosity, to increase the air flow Must
provide higher intake air temperature.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash coating.
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Exhaust Pipe The internal surface of pipe must be
protected (coated) The exhaust design must be
compatible with higher amount vapor.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected. The
pump working pressure must be increased.
Suspension Adjusted to the higher vehicle weight.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected. The fuel pressure
must be increased.
Motor Oil New additive package.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated The filter element
porosity must be adjusted.
Ignition System New calibration of advance
control Colder heat rating spark plugs.
Evaporative Emission System The purge airflow of
canister (activate charcoal filter) must be
higher.
22
Above 85 (including 100)
23
Above 85 (including 100)
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected The material of buoy, nozzle, metering
jet, floating axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings
must be appropriated.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or
protected. Higher fuel tank capacity, due to the
higher fuel consumption.
Engine The engine compression ratio should be
higher Camshaft with new cam profile and new
phase New surface material of valves (intake and
exhaust) and valve seats.
Intake Manifold With new profile and less
internal rugosity, to increase the air flow Must
provide higher intake air temperature.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash-coating of catalyst
converter The catalyst converter must be placed
closer to the exhaust manifold, in order to speed
up the working temperature achievement
(light-off).
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Exhaust Pipe The internal surface of pipe must be
protected (coated) The exhaust design must be
compatible with higher amount vapor.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected. The
pump working pressure must be increased.
Suspension Adjusted to the higher vehicle weight.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected. The fuel pressure
must be increased.
Motor Oil New additive package.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated The filter element
porosity must be adjusted.
Ignition System New calibration of advance
control Colder heat rating spark plugs.
Evaporative Emission System Due to the lower fuel
vapor pressure, it is not necessary evaporative
emission control.
24
Above 85 (including 100)
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected The material of buoy, nozzle, metering
jet, floating axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings
must be appropriated.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or
protected. Higher fuel tank capacity, due to the
higher fuel consumption.
Engine The engine compression ratio should be
higher Camshaft with new cam profile and new
phase New surface material of valves (intake and
exhaust) and valve seats.
Intake Manifold With new profile and less
internal rugosity, to increase the air flow Must
provide higher intake air temperature.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash-coating of catalyst
converter The catalyst converter must be placed
closer to the exhaust manifold, in order to speed
up the working temperature achievement
(light-off).
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Exhaust Pipe The internal surface of pipe must be
protected (coated) The exhaust design must be
compatible with higher amount vapor.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected. The
pump working pressure must be increased.
Suspension Adjusted to the higher vehicle weight.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected. The fuel pressure
must be increased.
Motor Oil New additive package.
Cold Start System Auxiliary gasoline assisted
start system, with temperature sensor, gasoline
reservoir, extra fuel injector and fuel pump The
vehicle battery must have higher capacity.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated The filter element
porosity must be adjusted.
Ignition System New calibration of advance
control Colder heat rating spark plugs.
Evaporative Emission System Due to the lower fuel
vapor pressure, it is not necessary evaporative
emission control.
25
All Eventual Modifications
Carburetor The material of the carburetor body or
carburetor cover cannot be aluminum or exposed
Zamak if it is, must be substituted, protect
with surface treatment or anodize Any component
in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with
the fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected The material of buoy, nozzle, metering
jet, floating axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings
must be appropriated.
Fuel Tank If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic,
the internal surface of tank must be protected
(coated) Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or
protected. Higher fuel tank capacity, due to the
higher fuel consumption.
Engine The engine compression ratio should be
higher Camshaft with new cam profile and new
phase New surface material of valves (intake and
exhaust) and valve seats.
Intake Manifold With new profile and less
internal rugosity, to increase the air flow Must
provide higher intake air temperature.
Catalytic Converter It is possible to change the
kind and amount of noble metal present in the
loading and wash-coating of catalyst
converter The catalyst converter must be placed
closer to the exhaust manifold, in order to speed
up the working temperature achievement
(light-off).
Electronic Fuel Injection Substitution of fuel
injector material by stainless steel New fuel
injector design to improve the fuel spray New
calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new
Lambda Sensor working range Any component in
polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the
fuel must be substituted by other material or
protected.
Exhaust Pipe The internal surface of pipe must be
protected (coated) The exhaust design must be
compatible with higher amount vapor.
Fuel Pump The internal surface of pump body and
winding must be protected and the connectors
sealed Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon)
that has contact with the fuel must be
substituted by other material or protected. The
pump working pressure must be increased.
Suspension Adjusted to the higher vehicle weight.
Fuel Pressure Device The internal surface of the
fuel pressure device must be protected Any
component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has
contact with the fuel must be substituted by
other material or protected. The fuel pressure
must be increased.
Motor Oil New additive package.
Cold Start System Auxiliary gasoline assisted
start system, with temperature sensor, gasoline
reservoir, extra fuel injector and fuel pump The
vehicle battery must have higher capacity.
Fuel Filter The internal surface of the filter
must be protected The adhesive of the filter
element must be appropriated The filter element
porosity must be adjusted.
Ignition System New calibration of advance
control Colder heat rating spark plugs.
Evaporative Emission System Due to the lower fuel
vapor pressure, it is not necessary evaporative
emission control.
26
Current Brazilian Vehicular Fleet Profile
27
Vehicular Fleet of Latin America Countries
Year 2001
28
Vehicular Fleet of Latin America Countries