Fundo VPB 1

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• Environmental sustainability of sugarcane ethanol
  in Brazil
• Weber Amaral, PhD
• School of Agronomy ESALQ
• University of São Paulo

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Summary

• The Brazilian environmental legal frameworks
• Key environmental indicators carbon, water,
  soil, agrochemicals, biodiversity,
• Biofuels certifications regimes and compliance
• The future steps and the role of innovation

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• Introduction

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Biofuels framework - understanding key drivers of
energy supply and demand
INTRODUCTION

Gasoline/Diesel Querosene
Global awareness


Climate change
GHGs
-
Oil reserves
-
Hydro

Environmental taxes policies
Nuclear

-


Energy demand
Energy supply
Wind
Native vegetation and forests
Land use patterns
-


Hydrogen

-
Trends in consumption
-




Ethanol biodiesel
Quality of life and livelihoods
-

Food




Jobs
Economic growth


Food safety
Roles and functions of government, private sector
and NGOs
Quality of jobs

Diversification
Biodiversity
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INTRODUCTION
...
Evolution of productivity of Brazilian ethanol
continuous investment in RD mainly in the
public domain
Source Itaú Corretora
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INTRODUCTION
...
Future projections of ethanol production in
Brazil and challenges for sustainable expansion
Source Unica, 2008
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Sugarcane value chain
7,2 million ha 72 thousand growers
Harvest 500 M tons
ca. 400 mills destillaries
Sugar 30 million tons
Ethanol 22 billion liters
Bagasse 125 M ton

Bioplastic
Ethanol
Derived products
Carbon credits
Food
Lysine
Cosmetics Pharmaceutics
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• 2. The Brazilian Environmental Legal Frameworks

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK
...
Brazilian environmental legal frameworks and
zoning policies related to sugarcane
Source Multiple sources Brazilian and
State laws
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LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Structure of Environmental Impact Assessment and
Reporting for Sugarcane
Source Elia Neto, 2007
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• Key environmental indicators
• Carbon and Energy balance

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ENV. IND. Carbon and GHGs
...
Soil carbon stocks for different land uses
Source In the table directly
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ENV. IND. - GHG
...
Above ground carbon stocks for different land
uses (in the biomass)
Source In the table directly
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ENV. IND. - GHG
...
Carbon balance under different land uses replaced
by unburned sugar cane 61,8 MgC/ha
Source same as in last table
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ENV. IND. - GHG
...
Energy output per unit of fossil fuel
consumption in the production process
Source World Watch Institute (2006) and
Macedo et al (2008)
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ENV. IND. - WATER
...
Evolution of water recycling in percentage
Source Elia Neto, 2007
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ENV. IND. - WATER
...
Evolution of water consumption in the industry
(m3 water/ton of sugarcane processed)
Source Dedini, 2008
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ENV. IND. - SOIL
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Losses of soil and water for selected crops
Source Bertoni, Lombardi Neto and Benatti
Jr. (1998)
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ENV. IND. - SOIL
...
Agrochemical inputs consumption/ha and per
ethanol production (M3)
Source FNP Agrianual 2008 Fancelli
Dourado Neto, 2006
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ENV. IND. - BIODIVESITY
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Sugarcane production and forest cover in Sao
Paulo State
Source IEA/CATI-SAAESP (Annual statistics
from 1983-2007)
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ENV. IND. AIR QUALITY
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Air quality by different blends of ethanol
Source ANFAVEA 2006
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ENV. IND. AIR QUALITY
...
Main guidelines of the State of Sao Paulos Green
Protocol

• Anticipation of the legal deadline for the
  elimination of the practice of sugar cane straw
  burning - 2014
• Protection of riparian corridors and restoration
  of these ecosystems
• Technical management plans for soil conservation
  and water resources
• Measures to reduce air pollution
• New sugarcane areas must be harvested
  mechanically

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• Initiatives towards ethanol certification and
  compliance
• Key issues on environmental indicators
• Greenhouse gases balance above 80 of GHGs
  reduction compared with gasoline well to wheel
• Competition with other land uses Nassar et al.
• Use of resources results presented are above the
  average of other fuels
• Biodiversity compliance with Brazilian
  Biodiversity Program and legal frameworks
• Example of the Sweden Brazil agreement on
  ethanol certification SEKAB involving 7 key
  criteria of sustainability and an independent
  auditing system for monitoring (SGS)
• ..

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• 5. Future steps towards sustainable production of
  ethanol and the role of innovation

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FUTURE STEPS
...
New technologies and innovation

• Improving the productivity at agricultural and
  industry levels
• Optimizing the use of feedstock second
  generation - ligno-cellulosic materials
• Reducing waste
• Adding value to ethanol co-products
• Moving towards the full deployment of ethanol
  chemistry and biorefinaries

Source Analysis VPB
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Biofuels framework for innovation bringing
capital and people together
Academia
Private
Government
Universities
Innovation centers
Agencies
Foundations
RD
Incubators
Innovation agencies
Tech parks

• Advisors
• Partners networks
• Media
• Business partners
• Seminars

Business pipeline
Brazil

• Internationalpartners

International exchange
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Within the possible next steps cant afford not
to have

• Concentration and concerted efforts focus and
  scale
• Continuity 30 years of investments worthwhile
  the Brazil case
• Complementarity need for an interdisciplinary
  approach
• Commitment to make a change
• Coordination of efforts

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• Thanks to
• Organizers of the Workshop
• University of São Paulo and the School of
  Agronomy
• Students and graduate students from my lab
• Email for contact
• wamaral_at_esalq.usp.br