KKA 4106 Toxic and Hazardous Waste Engineering Lecture 2

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KKA 4106 Toxic and Hazardous Waste
EngineeringLecture 2

• Dr Robiah Yunus
• Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Eng.
• Universiti Putra Malaysia

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REGULATORY PROCESS

• Regulations differ from one country to another
• US legislative control well-established
• Environmental Law
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
• Federal Hazardous Waste Regulations
• Other Federal Statues
• Malaysian legislation
• Environmental Quality Act 1974
• Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
  Regulations 2004
• Other legislations

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US LEGISLATIONS
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

• US Constitution highest law of the land
• Treaties once ratified by the Congress,
  international treaties are 2nd in priority.
• Federal Statutes
• Foundation of all major environmental programs.
• When federal becomes a law, assigned a Public Law
  number PL. Attached to number Congress passed,
  then specific number identifies the law (e.g.
  RCRA passed in 1976 by the 94th Congress
  PL94-580).
• Statutory law put together in listing USC (United
  States Code), amended regularly.

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ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

• Federal Regulations
• Example technical complexity issue congress
  drafts the law and leave to administrative
  agencies (e.g. US EPA) to provide detail law.
• State Statues and Regulations
• Most states follow procedures parallel to federal
  system, referred to State-Specific Procedures.
• Local (City/County) Laws, Regulations and
  Ordinances
• Significance of local laws and regulations varies
  greatly from one jurisdiction to another.
• Case Law
• In US, only legislative bodies are empowered to
  enact laws.
• For particular cases, a dispute may arise
  concerning application and the court makes a
  judgment. These collective court decisions called
  Case Law

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ENVIRONMENTAL LAW - REGULATIONS

• Environmental law often set goal and leave to EPA
  to provide technical details.
• Then, published in Federal Register
• Federal Rules and Regulations published are
  codified in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

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2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

• General
• First time law for management of hazardous waste
  in US, in 1976.
• Set up a separate Office of Solid Waste within
  EPA.
• Comprehensive including identifying wastes to a
  manifest system.
• Generators are held responsible for hazardous
  waste from cradle-to-grave.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

• Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
  (HSWA)
• Amendment to RCRA. Very detailed legislation.
• Prohibited disposal of bulk hazardous waste to
  landfills or surface impoundments.
• Landfills must be state-of-the-art facilities.
• Permitting HWSA included many provisions for
  permitting of treatment, storage and disposal
  facilities (TSDFs).
• In 1988, EPA proposed extensive requirements for
  Correction Action at Solid Waste Management Units
  (SWMUs).

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3. FEDERAL HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS

• General
• Based on 500 pages of hazardous waste
  regulations published in Federal Register on May
  19, 1980.
• A waste considered hazardous waste if meets one
  or more of the following
• specially listed in EPA regulations
• tested and is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or
  toxic
• declared hazardous by the generator.

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FEDERAL HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS

• CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act), 1980.
• Identify and cleanup existing hazardous waste
  sites
• Litigate after cleanup to recover costs

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FEDERAL HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS

• SARA (Superfund, Superfund Amendments and
  Reauthorization Act), 1986
• 1986 complete rewrite of CERCLA and 4x as long.
• Community right-to-know provisions that require
  industries to plan for emergencies and inform
  public on hazardous waste used. In part a
  response to Bhopal Tragedy.
• Superfund process
• Eligible sites are listed on the National
  Priority List.

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FEDERAL HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS

• SARA (Superfund, Superfund Amendments and
  Reauthorization Act), 1986
• After listing, a detailed study called Remedial
  Investigation is performed.
• A Feasibility Study is conducted at the same
  time, as basis selection for treatment.
• Cleanup Standards how clean is clean?
  Impossible to remove all contaminants, thus,
  Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
  Requirements (ARARs) are used.
• Liability the Superfund process intends to make
  generator pay for cleanup.

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4. OTHER FEDERAL STATUES

• Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), 1976. Allows
  control of manufacture of toxic material. Prior
  to this toxic substance could be controlled only
  if they were released to the environment.
• Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 1970.
  Safety and health in the work place.
• Clean Water Act (CWA), 1972, 1977 1987. Regulates
  discharge to surface waters. Provides for the
  building of municipal wastewater treatment plants
  and established a National Pollutant Discharge
  Elimination System (NPDES). For toxic pollutants,
  Best Available Technology (BAT) must be used.
  Pretreatment standards were set.
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 1974. Intention
  is ensure that public water supplies are
  maintained at high quality. MCLs (Maximum
  Contaminant Levels) and MCLGs (Maximum
  Contaminant Level Goals) were set, 40 CFR 141.
• Clean Air Act (CAA). 1970, 1977, 1990. Major
  initiatives to attain and maintain National
  Ambient Air Quality Standards to ensure that all
  new sources of atmospheric emissions are
  equipped with the "Best Available Pollution
  Control Technology". Section 12 of the CAA
  identifies HAPs, Hazardous Air Pollutants.

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LEGISLATIONSIN MALAYSIA
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HAZARDOUS WASTE LEGISLATION

• The Department of Environment (DOE) is empowered
  under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 to
  control and prevent pollution and to protect and
  enhance the quality of the environment.
• A set of regulations dealing with hazardous waste
  management which regulate the storage, transport,
  treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes was
  enforced on May 1989
• Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
  Regulations, 1989
• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises)
  (Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposal
  Facilities) Regulations and
• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises)
  (Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposal
  Facilities) Order, 1989

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HAZARDOUS WASTE LEGISLATION

• Regulations specify
• Before disposal, be rendered innocuous
• Wastes generated shall be reduced
• Generators notify DOE
• Wastes generated stored, recovered treated
  on-site
• Land farming, incineration, disposal, off-site
  recovers, storage and treatment, by DOE licensed
  premises
• Waste containers clear label, proper, adequate
• Generators shall obey the requirement of
  consignment note system when transporting

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HAZARDOUS WASTE LEGISLATION

• 107 categories under Schedules Wastes grouped
  into 2 parts
• Part 1 - Scheduled Wastes from Non Specific
  Sources
• e.g. mineral oil from machines, spent oil, oil
  tanker sludge, cleaning solvent, spent alkaline
  waste, plating sludge, pathogen and clinical
  waste
• Part 2 - Scheduled Wastes from Specific Sources
• e.g. mineral oil from refinery, oil sludge from
  workshop, paint waste from paint factory, phenol
  from glue factory, spent catalyst from chemical
  plant

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HAZARDOUS WASTE LEGISLATION

• Scheduled wastes shall as far as practicable,
  before disposal, be rendered innocuous
• Generation of scheduled wastes shall be reduced
  using the best practicable means
• Waste generators to notify the DOE of any
  scheduled wastes generated and keep up-to-date
  inventory of scheduled wastes generated, treated
  and disposed of (refer to Annexes 1 and 2)
• Scheduled wastes may be stored, recovered and
  treated within the premises of a waste generator
• Land farming, incineration, disposal, off-site
  recovery, off-site storage and off-site treatment
  shall only be carried out at prescribed premises
  licensed by the DOE

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HAZARDOUS WASTE LEGISLATION

• Use of durable waste containers with clear
  labels. Storage of wastes shall be proper and
  adequate
• Waste generators shall conform to the
  requirements of the consignment note system when
  transporting wastes to ensure it reaches the
  approved destination and are carried out by
  licensed transporters (refer to Annex 3)
• Waste generators shall provide information to a
  transporters regarding the nature of the wastes
  transported and action to be taken in case of
  accidents  

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OTHER LEGISLATION

• Basel Convention- Technical Guideline on the
  Environmentally Sound Management of Biomedical
  and Healthcare Waste.
• Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
  Regulations, 1989
• Ministry of Health Malaysia, Management of
  Clinical and Related Wastes in Hospital and
  Health Care Establishments, 1993 
• Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
  Regulations 2004

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Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
Regulations 2004

• Date of regulations gazetted 25 March 2004
• Date of regulations is effective 1 May 2004
• Parameter to control Dioxin dan Furan
• These regulations apply to the 4 facilities
• 1) Municipal solid wastes incinerator
• 2) Scheduled waste incinerator
• 3) Pulp or paper industry sludge incinerator
• 4) Sewage sludge incinerator

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Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
Regulations 2004

•  New Facility
• Compliance date 1 May 2004 onwards
• Concentration limit for air emission of Dioxin
  and Furan 0.1 nanogram/Nm3 TEQ
• Existing Facility
• Compliance Date 1 Mei 2004 - 30 April 2007
• Concentration limit for air emission of Dioxin
  and Furan
• To comply with the air emission limit for Dioxin
  and Furan as prescribed in the license under
  Section 18 of Environmental Quality Act 1974 or
  the approved conditions stated in the environment
  impact assessment report.
• Compliance date 1 May 2007 onwards
• Concentration limit for air emission of Dioxin
  and Furan 0.1 nanogram/Nm3 TEQ