after a paper by:

1
Destruction of Nuclear Bombs Using an Ultra-High
Energy Neutrino Beam
Markus Gaug IFAE Thursday meeting
after a paper by H. Sugawara, H. Hagura, T.
Sanami
hep-ph/0305062
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Outline

• Introduction nuclear bomb(s)
• Some physics about the bomb(s)
• (Historic) approaches to ban the bomb(s)
• Proposal by Sugawara et al.
• Some critical remarks
• Conclusions

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Introduction

• 1938 Discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and
  F. Strassman
• 1939 First theoretical explanation of fission by
  L. Meitner.
  Einstein and other scientists
  write to President Roosevelt about efforts of
  Nazi-Germany to purify U-235
• US start Manhattan-Project led and sustained by
  many famous physicists (Oppenheimer, Bohm,
  Wigner, Bloch, Bohr, Franck, Fermi, Teller,
  Lawrence, Feynman, ...)
  Cost 20 billion US (1996
  equiv.)

• 1938 Discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and
  F. Strassman
• 1939 First theoretical explanation of fission by
  L. Meitner.
  Einstein and other scientists
  write to President Roosevelt about efforts of
  Nazi-Germany to purify U-235
• US start Manhattan-Project led and sustained by
  many famous physicists (Oppenheimer, Bohm,
  Wigner, Bloch, Bohr, Franck, Fermi, Teller,
  Lawrence, Feynman, ...)
  Cost 20 billion US (1996
  equiv.)

N. Bohr, R. Oppenheimer, R. Feynman, E. Fermi
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Introduction

• 1938 Discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and
  F. Strassman
• 1939 First theoretical explanation of fission by
  L. Meitner.
  Einstein and other scientists
  write to President Roosevelt about efforts of
  Nazi-Germany to purify U-235
• US start Manhattan-Project led and sustained by
  many famous physicists (Oppenheimer, Bohm,
  Wigner, Bloch, Bohr, Franck, Fermi, Teller,
  Lawrence, Feynman, ...)
  Cost 20 billion US (1996
  equiv.)
• July 16, 1945 First atomic bomb test in New
  Mexico
• August 6, 1945 Uranium bomb exploded over
  Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 Plutonium bomb over Nagasaki
• 1949 First atomic bomb of USSR
• 1958 First Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
  by US

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Some physics about the bomb

• Separation of U-235
• Magnetic separationUCl4 in Cyclotron (E.
  Lawrence)
• Gaseous diffusion UF6 through porous filters
  (G. Groves)
• Gas centrifuges

• Production of P-239
• Neutron capture of U238 in reactor

• Critical Mass
• Exact amount of material needed to sustain a
  chain reaction depends on form and purity
• (50 kg U-235, 16 kg P-239, 10 kg P-239
  surrounded by U-238)

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Some physics about the bomb

• Energy release by fission (per nucleon)
• U-235, P-239 200 MeV
• Number of neutrons per fission
• U-235 2
• P-239 3 (!!)
• Energy of fission neutrons
• U-238 10 MeV
• U-235 5 MeV
• P-239 5 MeV

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Juristic Approaches-I

• 1899 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II)
• The attack or bombardment of towns, villages,
  habitaions or buildings which are not defended,
  is prohibited.
• 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV)
• It is especially prohibited to employ arms,
  projectiles, or material calculated to cause
  unnecessary suffering..
• 1923 Draft Rules of aerial warfare (Hague)
• Areal bombarding for the purpose of terrorizing
  the civilian population (...) is prohibited..
• 1938 Protection of Civilian Populations Against
  Bombings From the Air
• The intentional bombing of civilian populations
  is illegal

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Juristic Approaches-II

• 1961 Resolution on Nuclear Weapons, United
  Nations
• Any state using nuclear weapons is to be
  considered as violating the Charter of the United
  Nations, as acting contrary to the laws of
  humanity and as committing a crime against
  mankind and civilization.
• 1970 Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
• Each nuclear-weapon state undertakes not to
  transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear
  weapons
• Each non-nuclear-weapon state undertakes not to
  receive the transfer of nuclear weapons
• 1960s t6 1970s SALT-I and SALT-II treaties
• Agreements between US and USSR to limit the
  number of Intercontinental atomic missiles

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Current situation

• Number of nuclear missiles built 70000 / 65
  types
• More than 1000 nuclear weapons tests

• Fissile material produced 100 tons Pu, 1000 tons
  highly enriched U

• 7 declared Nuclear Powers, 2-3 probable more

• 1962 edge of Nuclear War (Cuban Missile Crisis)

• 20 documented mishaps which might have started
  nuclear war accidentally

• 4 countries had their nuclear arsenals
  dismanteled (South Africa, Ukraine, Kazhakhstan,
  Belarus)

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Is it possibe to destroy the bomb
technologically??

• Idea
• Heat the bomb to 300C
• Surrounding explosives explode
• Bomb fizzles away

reflector
We discuss the possibility of utilizing the
ultra-high energy neutrino beam (1000 TeV) to
detect and destroy the nuclear bombs wherever
they are and whoever possess them. H. Sugawara,
H. Hagura, T. Sanami
nuclear bomb
muon storage ring

• Uranium tamper

HOW ??
initiator

• VERY EASY!!
• Neutrino beam targets the bomb
• Interacting neutrinos cause hadronic showers
• Shower cause fission reactions of the tamper
  U-238 and the P-239
• Slow neutrons from U-238 cause fission of P-239

neutrino beam
Plutonium core
trigger device
exploxive
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What do we need?

• 1016 fissions / 10 kg P-239

• Edep ? 10 MeV (typ. Energy of spallation
  neutrons) Nfiss
• ? 104 J on 0.1 m2

• Edep ? I? ?t ? E? ? (Rh/R?) ? (d m?/E?)-2 ?
  Abomb2
• E ? 4

• I ? 1014 for E? ? 1000 TeV and ?t ? 100 sec.

• rbeam ? 1 m radiating with 1 Sv/sec.

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Do the simulation

• For neutrino part HERWIG

• For interaction of hadron shower with soil
  GEANT4

• temperature increase of Plutonium system MCNPX

• With Prob. of 1 get fizzle explosion
• with 3 of full strength

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Possible accelerator scheme
Hazardous plane
Synchrotron B
Synchrotron A
Hazardous plane
Injection system
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Critical Issues (authors)

• Without invention of magnets of at least 100
  Tesla totally
• ridiculous (need 1000 km circumference with 10
  Tesla)

• Required steering accuracy 10-7 0.1 micron /
  m
• (current effort towards construction of linear
  collider 1 micron / m

• Power consumption Only neutrinos 1014 10-19
  1015 W ? 10 GW
• Calculate with 50 GW ? whole capacity of
  Japanese nuclear power

• Radiation hazard Two radiation planes cleared
  from air planes, etc.
• Through earth Only 10-7 of whole energy
  deposited (and in 1 m2)

• H-bomb much more complicated and more risky

• No single country will be able to afford it -gt
  world project

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Critical Issues (People from IFAE)

• Have to know the current location of the bomb to
  precision of 1 m

• Models of bombs are not adequate enough,
• higher risk of nuclear explosion

• Neutron yield unclear for possible bombs without
  U-238

• Governments possessing the bomb will never give
  money for that

• If there is money, then probably only for
  enforcing non-proliferation

• Governments possessing the bomb might therefore
  not even
• give money for a neutrino factory

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Timeline

• Construction of neutrino factory (E lt 1 TeV) and
  do physis
• (Neutrino masses, mixing angles, CP
  violation, Majorana properties)

2. Construction of muon collider beyond 10 TeV
(Up to then, straight forward extension of
current technology)
3. Construct muon collider of gt 100 TeV and
study the inner structure of the earth
(completely new approach necessary)
4. Build muon collider with movable straight
sections
N.B. In some models of extra-dimensions,
neutrino interaction cross-sections
increase more rapidly with energy -gt
Dont need to go to 1000 TeV (and
destroy the bombs earlier)
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Conclusions

• We have shown that it is possible to eliminate
  the nuclear bombs from the surface of the earth
  utilizing the extremely high energy neutrino
  beam. When the neutrino beam hits a bomb, it will
  cause a fizzle explosion with 3 of the full
  strength.

• No weapon of mass destruction,
• but no single country will be able to afford it
  by itself

• Gero has to work even harder on extra-dimensions