1Superfund

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Control)

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???? Superfund operation
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Superfund timeline 1/3
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Superfund timeline 2/3
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Superfund timeline 3/3
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Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, 1980)

• Commonly known as Superfund covering releases or
  threatened releases of hazardous substance that
  pose threats to human health or the environment
• This law created a tax on the chemical and
  petroleum industries and provided broad Federal
  authority to respond directly to releases or
  threatened releases of hazardous substances that
  may endanger public health or the environment.
  Over five years, 1.6 billion was collected and
  the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up
  abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
• CERCLA established prohibitions and requirements
  concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste
  sites, provided for liability of persons
  responsible for releases of hazardous waste at
  these sites, and established a trust fund to
  provide for cleanup when no responsible party
  could be identified.
• The law authorizes two kinds of response actions
  Short-term removals, where actions may be taken
  to address releases or threatened releases
  requiring prompt response Long-term remedial
  response actions, that permanently and
  significantly reduce the dangers associated with
  releases or threats of releases of hazardous
  substances that are serious, but not immediately
  life threatening. These actions can be conducted
  only at sites listed on EPA's National Priorities
  List (NPL).
• CERCLA also enabled the revision of the National
  Contingency Plan (NCP). The NCP provided the
  guidelines and procedures needed to respond to
  releases and threatened releases of hazardous
  substances, pollutants, or contaminants.

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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA, 1986)

• SARA amended the Comprehensive Environmental
  Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
  (CERCLA) and reflected EPA's experience in
  administering the complex Superfund program
  during its first six years and made several
  important changes and additions to the program.
• SARA
• stressed the importance of permanent remedies and
  innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up
  hazardous waste sites
• required Superfund actions to consider the
  standards and requirements found in other State
  and Federal environmental laws and regulations
• provided new enforcement authorities and
  settlement tools
• increased State involvement in every phase of the
  Superfund program
• increased the focus on human health problems
  posed by hazardous waste sites
• encouraged greater citizen participation in
  making decisions on how sites should be cleaned
  up and
• increased the size of the trust fund to 8.5
  billion.
• required EPA to revise the Hazard Ranking System
  (HRS) to ensure that it accurately assessed the
  relative degree of risk to human health and the
  environment posed by uncontrolled hazardous waste
  sites that may be placed on the National
  Priorities List (NPL).

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Potentially responsible parties (PRPs)

• Anyone who
• Arranged for disposal or treatment
• Accepted hazardous material disposal or treatment
• Owned or operated a facility
• Owner or operator of a facility

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Superfund site assessment
Superfund information system
RI/FS
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CERCLIS
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Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

• HRS is the principal mechanism EPA uses to place
  uncontrolled waste sites on the National
  Priorities List (NPL). It is a numerically based
  screening system that uses information from
  initial, limited investigations the preliminary
  assessment and the site inspection to assess
  the relative potential of sites to pose a threat
  to human health or the environment.
• HRS scores do not determine the priority in
  funding EPA remedial response actions, because
  the information collected to develop HRS scores
  is not sufficient to determine either the extent
  of contamination or the appropriate response for
  a particular site. The sites with the highest
  scores do not necessarily come to the EPA's
  attention first this would require stopping
  work at sites where response actions were already
  underway. EPA relies on more detailed studies in
  the remedial investigation/feasibility study that
  typically follows listing.
• The HRS uses a structured analysis approach to
  scoring sites. This approach assigns numerical
  values to factors that relate to risk based on
  conditions at the site. The factors are grouped
  into three categories likelihood that a site has
  released or has the potential to release
  hazardous substances into the environment
  characteristics of the waste (e.g. toxicity and
  waste quantity) and people or sensitive
  environments (targets) affected by the release.
• Four pathways can be scored under the HRS
• ground water migration (drinking water)
• surface water migration (drinking water, human
  food chain, sensitive environments)
• soil exposure (resident population, nearby
  population, sensitive environments) and
• air migration (population, sensitive
  environments).
• After scores are calculated for one or more
  pathways, they are combined using a
  root-mean-square equation to determine the
  overall site score.
• The electronic scoring system, PREscore, can be
  used to do the scoring calculations. If all
  pathway scores are low, the site score is low.
  However, the site score can be relatively high
  even if only one pathway score is high. This is
  an important requirement for HRS scoring, because
  some extremely dangerous sites pose threats
  through only one pathway.

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PREscore software

• EPA's Superfund Program developed the PREscore
  software to assist with site investigations and
  Hazard Ranking System (HRS) scoring.
• The PREscore software generates a Preliminary
  Ranking Evaluation score and associated
  documentation.
• The PREscore software package includes both the
  PREscore and PREprint computer programs. The
  PREscore program performs HRS calculations from
  raw data, derives values from hazardous substance
  information, and computes site scores.
• PREscore assists investigators by reducing the
  time involved in developing site scores and
  minimizing potential mathematical errors in
  scoring.
• The PREprint program generates the HRS
  scoresheets and an HRS documentation record.
• Please note that PREscore is intended as a
  scoring assistance tool. The EPA reserves the
  right to determine final HRS scores.

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Superfund remedial process

• Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI)
• investigations of site conditions
• Hazardous ranking system (HRS) Scoring
• screening mechanism used to place sites on the
  National Priorities List (Introduction to the
  HRS)
• NPL Site Listing Process
• list of the most serious sites identified for
  possible long-term cleanup
• Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS)
• determines the nature and extent of contamination
• Record of Decision (ROD)
• explains which cleanup alternatives will be used
  at NPL sites
• Remedial Design/Remedial Action (RD/RA)
• preparation and implementation of plans and
  specifications for applying site remedies
• Construction Completion
• identifies completion of cleanup activities
• Operation and Maintenance (OM)
• conducted after site actions are complete to
  ensure that all actions are effective and
  operating properly
• NPL Site Deletions
• removal of sites from the NPL (How Sites are
  Deleted from the NPL)

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RI/FS processes

• The remedial investigation serves as the
  mechanism for collecting data to
• characterize site conditions- determine the
  nature of the waste - assess risk to human
  health and the environment and- conduct
  treatability testing to evaluate the potential
  performance and cost of the treatment
  technologies that are being considered. The FS
  is the mechanism for the development, screening,
  and detailed evaluation of alternative remedial
  actions.

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RI/FS and how clean is clean?

• Goals are developed based on chemical-specific
  applicable or relevant and appropriate
  requirements (ARARs) to achieve
• Overall protection of human health and
  environment
• Short-term effectiveness
• Long-term effectiveness and permanence
• Reduction of toxicity, mobility, or volume
  through treatment
• Implementability
• Cost
• State acceptance
• Community acceptance

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Superfund removal process
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Reconsidering Superfund (2005)
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HRS scoring

• likelihood that a site has released or has the
  potential to release hazardous substances into
  the environment
• characteristics of the waste (e.g. toxicity and
  waste quantity) and
• people or sensitive environments (targets)
  affected by the release.
• Four pathways to release
• ground water migration (drinking water)
• surface water migration (drinking water, human
  food chain, sensitive environments)
• soil exposure (resident population, nearby
  population, sensitive environments) and
• air migration (population, sensitive
  environments).

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Current status
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NPL sites change over time
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Principles for superfund cleanup in the 21st
Century

• Superfund targets sites that pose significant
  risks
• Regions consider alternative cleanup program
  options and funding sources
• Appropriate sites are listed on the NPL
• Cleanup decisions consider future reuse of sites
• Cleanup decisions are based on sound science and
  utilize innovative technologies
• Superfund pursues enforcement first
• Megasites are subdivided for appropriate
  management
• Funding for new remedial actions is based on
  prioritization factors (like risk)
• Workplans are developed for each site in
  construction
• Superfund addresses long-term stewardship needs
• The superfund database supports the program and
  meets a broad range of information needs
• The superfund program actively evaluates whether
  its program is operated efficiently
• Superfund is a model of public outreach and
  involvement
• Superfund provides state-of-the-art national
  emergency preparedness and response

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Superfund homepage
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How to find a NPL site
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RI/FS search
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ROD search
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An example- Mound plant
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How to find a NPL site
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Western Pacific Railroad Co.