Cancer Presentations for period 4

1
Cancer Presentations for period 4 5

• Fall 2006

2
Bone Cancer

• Paige Mitchell-Spears
• David Schmidt

3
History

• Strontium was discovered in 1798 and metallic
  strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy
  in 1808 using electrolysis.
• The radioactive 90Sr can lead to various bone
  disorders and diseases, including bone cancer.

4
Osteosarcoma

• most common type
• develops in new tissue in growing bones
• originates in the Osteoid tissue commonly located
  in the knees, upper legs, and upper arms
• common between the ages of 10 and 25
• about 50 more common in males than in females
• about 900 new cases diagnosed in the United
  States each year
• about 400 of these cases occur in children and
  adolescents younger than 20 years old
• most occur between the ages of 10 and 30
• teenagers are the most commonly affected age
  group, but it can occur at any age
• about 10 occur in people over the age of 60

5
Chondrosarcoma

• arises in cartilage located in the pelvis, upper
  legs, and shoulders
• common between the ages of 50 and 60

6
Ewings Sarcoma

• begins in immature nerve tissue in bone marrow
  located in the pelvis, upper legs, ribs, and arms
• common between the ages of 10 and 20

7
Diagnosis

• First the doctor will ask about the patients
  personal and medical history and then perform a
  medical exam.
• There are 3 different types of medical exams that
  can be performed to diagnose bone cancer
• A blood test to determine the level of the enzyme
  alkaline phosphatase (vital for child growth,
  mending broken bones, and production of abnormal
  bone tissue). Because there is a high abundancy
  of this enzyme in growing children, this test is
  not very reliable.
• An x-ray to show the location, size, and shape
  of a bone tumor. If it suggests that a tumor may
  be cancer, the doctor may recommend special
  imaging tests such as a bonescan, a CT scan, an
  MRI, or an angiogram.
• A needle biopsy or an incisional biopsy where a
  piece of the cancerous tissue is removed for
  study by an oncologist or a pathologist.

8
Causes

• not known
• radiation or chemotherapy for other conditions
  may increase the risk of bone cancer
• adults with Pagets disease (a noncancerous
  condition characterized by abnormal development
  of new bone cells) may be at increased risk for
  osteosarcoma
• a small number of bone cancers are due to
  heredity.

9
Symptoms

• vary depending on the location and size of the
  cancer
• pain is the most common
• tumors in or near joints may cause swelling or
  tenderness in that area
• bone cancer can interfere with normal movements
  and weaken the bones, sometimes leading to a
  fracture.
• fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia
• none are reliable signs of cancer, they can also
  be caused by other, less serious conditions.

10
Treatments

• depend on the type, size, location, stage of the
  cancer, and the persons age and general health
• surgery is often the primary treatment
• amputation of a limb is sometimes necessary
• to avoid amputation, a surgeon will only remove
  the cancerous section of the bone and replace it
  with a prosthesis
• Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used
  together or alone

11
Survival Stats

• The overall 5-year relative survival rate for
  1996-2002 from 17 SEER geographic areas was
  67.9.
• Five-year relative survival rates by race and sex
  were
• 64.4 for white men
• 72.1 for white women
• 65.5 for black men
• 67.5 for black women

12
Morality Rate

• In 2006, about 2,760 new cases of cancer of the
  bones and joints will be diagnosed, and about
  1,260 deaths from these cancers are expected.
• From 2000-2003, the median age at death for
  cancer of the bones and joints was 59 years of
  age 4.
• Approximately 14.8 died under age 20 14.1
  between 20 and 34 7.3 between 35 and 44 8.9
  between 45 and 54 11.2 between 55 and 64 13.7
  between 65 and 74 18.6 between 75 and 84 and
  11.3 85 years of age.
• Death rates by race and sex were
• Race/Ethnicity Men Women
• All Races 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per
  100,000 women
• White 0.6 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000
  women
• Black 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000
  women
• Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 per 100,000 men 0.2
  per 100,000 women
• American Indian per 100,000 men per 100,000
  women
• Hispanic 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000
  women

13
Branden Lombardi

• 17-years-old
• Osteosarcoma
• Chemotherapy
• Replacement of cancerous portion of tibia with
  donor bone
• Lead to nodules in lungs
• Has been cancer free for 2.5 years with help of
  chemotherapy

14
Works Cited

• http//seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonecancer.html
  statistics
• http//www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites
  -Types/bone
• http//info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types
  /bone/mortality/
• http//aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails?invocati
  onTypeimageDetailsquerybonecancerimghttp3A
  2F2Fwww.sarcoma.org2Fpathology_review2Fcourse2
  520materials2Fanatomic2520locations.gifsitewww
  .mic.ki.sehosthttp3A2F2Fwww.mic.ki.se2FDisea
  ses2FC04
• http//aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails?invocati
  onTypeimageDetailsqueryosteosarcomaimghttp3A
  2F2Fwww.mayoclinic.org2Fosteosarcoma2Fimages2
  Fosteosarcoma-lg.jpgsitewww.mayoclinic.orghost
  http3A2F2Fwww.mayoclinic.org2Fosteosarcoma2Fd
  etails-osteosarcoma.htmlbimage3Fquery3Dosteosa
  rcoma26invocationType3Dbottomsearchbox.image

15
Colon Cancer

• Katie Asman
• Chris Johnson

16
Timeline of Cancer

• The earliest indications of cancer were described
  in seven papyri discovered in the 19th
  century. The cancer descriptions were written
  around 1600 BC and are believed to date back to
  sources as early as 2500 B. C. 
• Ancient Egyptians were able to determine whether
  or not tumors were benign or malignant.
• Hippocrates named cancer karkinioma because
  he saw that malignant tumors looked like a crab
  which is also why it is known as cancer today
• Back in the 17th century Gaspare Aselli found the
  vessels of the lymphatic system and believed that
  cancer was caused by abnormalities in the lymph.
• Oncology was established as a science with the
  research in cell culture, diagnostic treatments
  and chemotherapy.
• Finally in 1971, Richard M. Nixon signed the
  National Cancer Act which launched a program
  administered by the National Cancer Institute
  which contains the United State legislative
  cancer policies from 1937 to the present.

17
Who it afftects

• Colorectal cancer affects men and women usually
  50 years or older
• Cancer of the colon and rectum is the third most
  diagnosed cancer in the US.

18
How its diagnosed

• Symptoms of colon cancer include abdominal pain,
  diarreha, constipation and blood in the feces
• Symptoms vary from case to case and some do not
  have any symptoms

19
Causes

• Causes of most colorectal cancers are unknown but
  certain risk factors have been identified
• factors include older age, ulcerative colitis
  (causes inflammation of the colon), and family
  history of colon cancer
• Most colorectal cancers start as a benign tumor
  on the wall of the rectum

20
Affected Body Parts

• The cancer can begin in any of the 4 regions of
  the colon or the rectum
• Each section is made up of several layers of
  tissue, cancer begins in the inner layer and
  grows through some if not all of the layers
• The spread of cancer depends on which layer it
  begins in

21
Treatments

• The treatments depend on what stage the cancer is
  at, radiation is a rare treatment of colon cancer
• Primary treatment is to remove the portion of the
  colon where the cancer lies along with the lymph
  nodes and blood supply
• Surgery is the primary option when the cancer is
  in the first three stages
• After the portion of the colon is removed it is
  rebuilt called anastomosis
• Chemotherapy is used on patients who had a tumor
  removed and is in danger of getting another

22
Survival Statistics

• 50 of patients treated for colon cancer survive
• 15 of people are at stage 1 and 85-90 survive
• 20-30 are at stage 2 65-75 survival
• 30-40 at stage 3 55 survive
• 20-25 at stage 4 and is rarely cured

23
Mortality

• 94,000 cases of colon cancer are diagnosed each
  year
• it accounts for 10 of cancers in men and 11 of
  cancers in women
• it occurs second most in both sexes behind cancer
• 49,000 died from colon cancer in the US in 2000
• The disease has occurred less in the US but the
  mortality rate has increased

24
Cheryls Story

• In 1999 and even before that, my doctor was very
  concerned about why I was so anemic. I was put on
  iron supplements, but nothing seemed to change
  the anemia. My doctor had also questioned me
  about my bowel movements. I actually thought they
  were quite normal. I guess I had not really had a
  normal one in so long that I did not know what
  normal was. Actually, they were quite loose most
  of the time and not really very formed. But, as I
  said, my doctor was quite concerned about the
  anemia. After a few visits, he insisted I have a
  colonoscopy, so I did. The procedure itself was
  no problem the prep was the worst part of the
  whole thing.
• Then on March 16, 1999, I had the colonoscopy and
  the physician told me I had a tumor that might or
  might not be cancerous (I am sure he knew that it
  most likely was.). He also told me it had to come
  out surgically, regardless. He then said to call
  my doctor in a week for the results. The next
  week my doctor called me and said it was cancer.
  I really don't know how I felt. A little shocked,
  I guess. How could this be? It was a very large
  polyp that now was cancer.
• On April 1, 1999, I had surgery to remove this
  cancer by taking out the section with the tumor
  and several feet of my colon. I am not sure what
  stage cancer this was, but I do know it started
  through the wall and that is why I see the cancer
  doctor frequently for blood tests to see if there
  are any cancer cells in my body. So far, he tells
  me that I am in remission. I still have trouble
  thinking of myself as a cancer patient. Thank
  goodness for my doctor and the colonoscopy. It
  saved my life. Colonoscopy such a simple thing
  to do to save your life.

25
LUNG CANCER

• By Josh Lee and Josh Feaster

26
HISTORY

• Lung cancer was very rare before people started
  smoking cigarettes. There are only 100 cases of
  lung cancer in medical history before the 1900s.
  After WWI (1918), cigarette smoking became very
  popular. Doctors began seeing a sudden epidemic
  of lung cancer in the 1930s. Doctors began
  seeing a link between cigarette smoking and lung
  cancer, and they determined that smoking causes
  ones chances to develop the disease to increase
  greatly. By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone
  from one of the rarest cancers to the number one
  killer cancer in the U.S.

27
WHO DOES IT AFFECT?

• Lung cancer affects all men and women of all
  ethnicities.
• In the US, 175,000 new cases are expected in
  2006 90,700 in men and 80,000 in women.
• Although lung cancer was previously an illness
  that affected predominately men, the lung cancer
  rate for women has been increasing in the last
  few decades .

28
HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED?

• Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a
  patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive
  of lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass,
  widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread
  to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse),
  consolidation (infection) and pleural effusion.
  If there are no X-ray findings but the suspicion
  is high, bronchoscopy and/or a CT Scan may
  provide the necessary information. In any case,
  bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often
  necessary to identify the tumor type.
• Blood tests and spirometry (lung function
  testing) are also necessary to assess whether the
  patient is well enough to be operated on.

29
CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER

• There are four major causes of lung cancer (and
  cancer in general)
• Carcinogens such as those in cigarette smoke
• Radiation exposure
• Genetic susceptibility
• Viral infection
• In the United States, smoking is estimated to
  account for 87 of lung cancer cases (90 in men
  and 79 in women).

30
WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE AFFECTED?

• If the cancer grows into the lumen it may
  obstruct the airway, causing breathing
  difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of
  secretions behind the blockage, allowing the
  patient to pneumonia.
• Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as
  Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the
  sympathetic nervous system, leading to changed
  sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a
  combination known as Horner's syndrome), as well
  as muscle weakness in the hands due to invasion
  of the brachial plexus.

31
COMMON TREATMENTS

• Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's
  specific cell type, how far it has spread, and
  the patient's performance status.
• Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy,
  and radiation therapy.

32
CASE STUDY
33

• Ann Shnur was diagnosed with non-small cell lung
  cancer in 2002. Her doctors told her that her
  chances of curing the cancer were very slim, so
  all they could do was try to manage it. When she
  found out, she immediately quit smoking. She
  started to undergo chemotherapy and radiation,
  but it was having little effect on her tumor.
  She was given an experimental drug called Iressa
  to treat the cancer instead of the chemo. She
  says that she made a point to savor every moment
  with family and friends because she did not know
  what could happen next. Everything seemed to be
  under control until April of 2006, when a routine
  scan revealed that a lymph node near her original
  tumor had become cancerous as well. Her doctors
  immediately switched her treatment from Iressa to
  Tarceva, and since this switch, the tumor has not
  grown any larger. Doctors say they would do a
  biopsy, but the surgery would be life threatening
  based on the location of the tumor. Shnur and
  her doctors have already planned that she will
  add Avastin to her treatment if the cancer
  spreads. Shnur, in the meantime, is continuing
  to live her normal life.

34
SURVIVAL RATE

• Only 14 of patients with lung cancer survive for
  more than five years after diagnosis. If the lung
  cancer is detected before it has had a chance to
  spread to other organs, and if it is treated
  appropriately, at least 49 of patients can
  survive five years or longer after the initial
  diagnosis. Only 15 of lung cancers, however, are
  found at this early stage. About 10 of patients
  can expect to be cured.

35
MORTALITY RATE

• Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer
  is declining in western countries, it is actually
  increasing for women due to the increased takeup
  of smoking by this group. Among lifetime
  non-smokers, men who have never smoked have
  higher age-standardized lung cancer death rates
  than women. Of the 80,000 women who are diagnosed
  with lung cancer in 2006, approximately 70,000
  are expected to die from it.

36
Healthy Lung

• This is an image of a very healthy lung.

37
Cancerous Lung

• This is a cancerous lung.

38
Melanoma

• Skin Cancer
• Jackie Ardalan / Brian Ramsey

39
General Information

• Most serious type of skin cancer
• Begins in skin cells called melanocytes
• Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin,
  which gives the skin its color
• With too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the
  melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and
  become cancerous

40
What causes it

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the
  most recognized cause of all types of skin cancer
• Tanning lamps are another source of UV radiation
• The invisible effects of UV radiation accumulate
  over a lifetime

41
Who it affects

• Both sexes are affected
• In America, it is the sixth most common cancer in
  men and the seventh most common in women
• Race plays a large role
• White Americans are 20 times more likely to
  develop melanoma than African Americans
• Worldwide, white populations have the highest
  risk of developing melanoma, and Asian
  populations the lowest risk
• General rule fair skin is more susceptible

42
How it is spotted

• Doctors often spot melanoma during a skin
  inspection or annual physical
• Among men, melanoma most often shows up on the
  upper body and on the head and neck
• In women, melanoma often develops on the
  fingernails, on the palms of hands, and on the
  soles of the feet
• However, it can appear anywhere on the skin

43
What to look for (the ABCDs)

• A Asymmetry Melanoma lesions are typically
  irregular in shape (asymmetrical) / benign
  (non-cancerous) moles are typically round
  (symmetrical)
• B Border Melanoma lesions often have irregular
  borders (ragged or notched edges) / benign moles
  have smooth, even borders.
• C Colors Melanoma lesions often contain many
  shades of brown or black / benign moles are
  usually a single shade of brown.
• D Diameter Melanoma lesions are often more
  than one fourth an inch or six millimeters in
  diameter (about the size of a pencil eraser) /
  benign moles are usually less than that

44
Treatment

• The treatment for melanoma depends on the
  persons age, health, and stage of the disease
• Surgery is the first treatment for all stages of
  melanoma
• Later stages of melanoma (thick melanoma or those
  that have spread to the nearby lymph nodes), call
  for other treatments, such as immunotherapy,
  chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

45
Statistics

• The average five-year survival rate for melanoma
  patients is about 89 percent
• Once the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the
  survival rate drops to a range of 13 to 70
  percent, depending on how many lymph nodes are
  affected
• An estimated 62,000 Americans are diagnosed with
  melanoma each year
• Nearly 8,000 people die from the disease annually
  

46
Pancreatic Cancer

• Maddie Norman and Amy Kim

47
Illustration of healthy pancreas

• Cancer was first recorded in Egypt in 2500 B.C.
  (tumors on breasts)
• majority of pancreatic cancer occurs in people
  older than 65
• Black men and women have a higher risk
• More men than women

48

• Difficult to diagnose
• Complete physical exam
• Feces can become clay-colored
• Ultrasound imaging, CT scan, MRI, endoscopic
  retrograde cholangiopancreatiography (ERCP),
  endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), percutaneous
  transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), biopsy,
  laparoscopy

49

• 3 stages
• respectable all the tumor nodules can be removed
  
• locally advanced because the cancer has spread
  to tissues around the pancreas or into the blood
  vessels, it can no longer be completely removed
• metastatic at this stage, the cancer has spread
  to distant organs, such as the lungs and liver
• Unsure what causes the DNA to become damaged thus
  causing cancer in most cases
• Genetic predisposition (only 10)
• Most cases caused by lifestyle factors such as
  smoking and diet

50
Cancerous pancreas

• Stage 1 pancreatic cancer is confined only to
  the pancreas.
• Stage 2 pancreatic cancer has spread somewhere,
  possibly to the lymph nodes, but not into large
  blood vessels nearby.
• Stage 3, pancreatic cancer has invaded lardge
  blood vessels, may be in the lymph nodes, but
  hasnt spread to distant sites.
• Stage 4, means the cancer has spread to a distant
  site or sites in your body.

51

• Can only be treated in very early stages
• Pancreatic cancer is treated with surgery,
  radiation therapy, or chemotherapy (like most
  other cancers)
• one-year relative survival rate is 20, and the
  five-year rate is 4
• fewer than 10 of patients' tumors are confined
  to the pancreas at the time of diagnosis (no
  surgery option)
• average survival rate is 18 to 20 months if
  surgery is possible. The overall five-year
  survival rate is about 10, although can be as
  high as 20 to 25 if the tumor is removed
  completely and cancer has not spread to lymph
  nodes

52

• Patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have a
  poor prognosis because the cancer usually causes
  no symptoms early on, leading to metastatic
  disease at time of diagnosis.
• Median survival from diagnosis is around 3 to 6
  months 5-year survival is much less than 5.
• 32,180 new diagnoses in the United States every
  year
• 31,800 deaths
• mortality approaches 99, giving pancreatic
  cancer the 1 fatality rate of all cancers and
  the 4 cancer killer in the United States amongst
  both men and women

53
In Real Life

• My moms cousin was diagnosed with pancreatic
  cancer after being in the hospital for 1-2 months
  with severe abdominal pain. It took that long to
  figure out the source of the pain and by the time
  they did, the cancer had already spread all over
  her body. The only practical treatment option was
  medication to ease the pain. She lived in the
  hospital for the 4 months following her diagnosis
  (the rest of her life) with a distended belly and
  unable to keep food down. My mom compared it to a
  baby constantly spitting up food. She was aware
  that she was very ill but because of her severe
  autism could not communicate very well and was
  relatively unaware of her treatment and treatment
  options.

54
Sources

• http//www.pancreatic.org/site/c.htJYJ8MPIwE/b.891
  917/k.ECAD/Prognosis.htm
• www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS0035
  7
• www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/pancreatic
  /patient
• www.pancreatica.org
• www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer
• http//cancer.about.com/od/historyofcancer/a/cance
  rhistory.htm
• Jill Norman provided the information for the
  real-life story

55
Testicular Cancer

• By
• Justin Cho
• Raj Bhatt

56
Who does it affect?
-Testicular cancer affects over 8000 people a
year in the US. -Caucasian males ages 15-40 are
the most affected while it would be extremely
rare to see a African American male with TC.
57
How is it diagnosed?
-Many methods of diagnosing, but self-diagnosis
is primary method before people consult
professional help. -First symptoms of
TC -pain/tenderness in testicles -build-up of
fluid in scrotum -hard lump gradually growing in
size
58
What are the chances of survival?
-TC is one of the most curable cancers (90 cure
rate) -If it is caught in Stage 1, the cure rate
is virtually 100 if it is treated
properly. -After patients are treated there is a
less than 5 chance of the cancer coming back.
59
How is TC treated?
-3 methods -surgery -chemotherapy -radiation
therapy
60
Surgery
-In surgery, one or both testicle are surgically
removed in order to stop the spread of the
cancer. -most popular treatment choice -success
rate very high -early stage of cancer - lt 5 of
chance of chance spreading again.
61
Chemotherapy
-2nd most popular treatment choice -compatible
with all stages of TC -high success rate
62
Radiation Therapy
-rarely used because high doses are dangerous for
sensitive testicular area. -when used, used for
stage 2/3 patients. -50 average survival rate
63
wrap up
-TC is responsible for about 300 deaths a year(
US only) -every male should self-examine
themselves at least once a year
64
Cervical Cancer

• Autumn Thomson
• Derek McConnell

65
What is Cervical Cancer?

• Malignancy of the cervix
• The cancer begins at the lining of the cervix
• The cancer is not suddenly formed, but progresses
  in transitional stages

• Cervix connects the uterus to the vagina

66
History/Facts

• Naked HPV

• 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women
• HPV is responsible for 90 of Cervical Cancer
• HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52 and 58 are the 7
  most common strands

67
Symptoms

• Symptoms may be completely asymptomatic
• Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or vaginal
  masses may indicate malignancy
• In advanced cases, metastases may spread to the
  lungs or abdomen

68
Picture of Cervical Cancer
69
Treatment

• Hysterectomy (IA)
• Lymph Nodes (IA2)
• Trachelectomy (early stages)
• Cone Biopsy

• Hysterectomy Stages

70
Future

• On June 6, 2006 the FDA approved Gardasil
• GlaxoSmithKline and Cervarix

71
LUNG CANCER

• A Presentation by
• Megan Hanson
• and
• Cameron Hostetter

72
Healthy Lung
Lung Cancer
73
Smoking is cool!!!
74
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer

• Not Common Before WWI
• Tobacco companies gave away free cigarettes to
  millions of soldiers
• After the war that it became popular in America

75
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer

• Influx of lung cancer cases in the 1930s
• Soon the correlation between smoking and lung
  cancer was discovered

76
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer

• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of
  the rarest forms of cancers to the number one
  killer cancer in the Western World

77
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer

• By the 1970s, lung cancer had gone from one of
  the rarest forms of cancers to the number one
  killer cancer in the Western World

78
Historical Origins of Lung Cancer

• Although initially many believed that lung cancer
  had only to do with smoking,
• Recent studies are revealing even more regarding
  the causes of the disease

79
Demographics

• African-American men who smoke more at risk than
  among Caucasian men
• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a females
  disease.

80
Demographics

• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a females
  disease
• Women now account for nearly half of all new lung
  cancer cases
• Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than
  men

Dana Reeves
81
Demographics

• Those who quit smoking reduce risk of lung cancer
• Also, exposure to other carcinogens such as
  asbestos and radon gas increases risk

82
How Is It Diagnosed?

• Perform a chest X-ray if a patient reports
  symptoms of lung cancer

• Symptoms
• swollen lymph nodes
• a chronic cough
• shortness of breath
• chest pain

83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
How Is It Diagnosed?

• X-ray may reveal
• an obvious mass
• a widening of the mediastinum,
• infection and excess fluid
• CT scan can be used if the X-ray in unable to
  reveal anything

86
Types of Lung Cancer

• Commonly divided into two types
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which is the
  most common and the cause of 80 of all lung
  cancer case
• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) the cause of 20 of
  all cases.

87
Types of Lung Cancer

• Small Cell Lung Cancer is almost always a result
  of smoking and its tumors can spread from the
  lungs to the entire body.

88
Treatments

• Three main forms of treatment for lung cancer
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation

89
Mortality Rate

• Only 14 of patients with lung cancer survive for
  more than five years after diagnosis.
• Only about 10 of patients can expect to be
  'cured'

Peter Jennings
90
Mortality Rate

• Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in
  America, claiming more lives than breast,
  prostate, and colorectal cancers combined.

91
Thank You
92
Breast Cancer

• Hershel Mehta
• Jessica Roan
• Kacey Kim

93
Breast Cancer

• Breast cancer is a serious issue in society
  today.
• However, the cancer of the breast tissue is not
  only a recent problem
• Cases of breast cancer have dated back to ancient
  Egypt in 1600 BC.

94

• The first surgery done to remove the tumor over
  the breast was done in the early 1700s by Jean
  Louis Petit. His successful work was carried on
  by William Stewart Halsted who started performing
  mastectomies in 1882. He became known for his
  Halsted radical mastectomy, a surgical procedure
  that remained popular up to the 1970s.
• Now breast cancer has become a major epidemic
  amongst women, there are many charity walks and
  events to help find a cure.

95

• Breast cancer can affect both men and women, but
  is much more common with women. It affects one
  out of every nine to thirteen women. Breast
  cancer only affects 1 of the male population.
• It is the second most common in mortality rate
  after lung cancer. The chances of obtaining
  breast cancer increase with age.

96
Detecting Breast Cancer

• There are many ways to detect breast cancer at an
  early stage. For instance, there are self breast
  exams or a mammograms which are extremely useful
  in early discovery which is essential for
  surviving breast cancer.
• Also one can get an MRI (magnetic resonance
  imaging), but this is sometimes expensive and can
  give a false positive because of its acute
  sensitivity. Ultrasound is sometimes, but rarely
  used.

97
Causes

• There are many theories as to what exactly causes
  breast cancer.
• Some believe that two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are
  responsible for the formation of the cancerous
  tumor.
• Another theory is that excessive alcohol
  consumption leads to an increase in the risk of
  getting breast cancer.
• Hormones is another theory flying around
  estrogen, androgen, and testosterone levels may
  also be a reason for someone acquiring breast
  cancer.

98
Hodgkins Lymphoma

• By
• Jack Ferguson
• Brittany Morphew

99
When, Who and Where

• Hodgkins Lymphoma is named after the British
  physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the
  disease in 1832 and noted several characteristics
  that distinguish it from other lymphomas.

100
Who does it affect?

• Hodgkins disease most commonly affects people
  between the ages of 15 and 40 and people older
  than age 55. Its one of two common types of
  cancers of the lymphatic system.
• It is most common in white people but affects
  every race.
• Males are slightly more likely to develop
  Hodgkins.
• People who have had illnesses caused by the
  Epstein-Barr virus, such as mononucleosis may be
  four times more likely to develop Hodgkins.

101
How is it diagnosed?

• There are many ways to detect Hodgkins lymphoma.
• Often a lymph node swells, especially in the
  upper body area. Other times on feels they have
  a lack of energy.
• More serious symptoms can include weight loss,
  fever, and drenching night sweats.
• Many, many more!

102
Medical Diagnosis

• A biopsy of the area is taken and is searched for
  the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
• Other exams include chest x-rays, collecting
  medical history, CT scans, PET scans, and gallium
  scans.

103
Suspected Causes

• Abnormal B Cells
• Genetics
• Medical History

104
Affected Body Parts

• Hodgkins disease commonly begins in the lymph
  nodes. Some lymph nodes are in areas readily
  noticed, such as in your neck, above your
  collarbone, under your arms, groin area, and in
  the chest cavity.
• Lymphomas may spread outside the lymph nodes to
  virtually any part of your body.

105
Pics
106
Stages

• I) Involves one lymph node region.
• Involves two or more lymph node regions on the
  same side of the diaphragm.
• Involves lymph nodes on both sides of the
  diaphragm.
• Involves other organs besides the lymph system.

107
Treatment and Survival Rates

• Radiation, Chemotherapy, Bone Marrow Transplant.
• More than 80 of people with stage 1 or stage 2
  Hodgkins disease for 10 years or more with
  proper treatment.
• The five-year survival rate for those with
  widespread Hodgkins disease is about 60.

108
Survival Rates

• Stage I- 90 to 95
• Stage II- 90 to 95
• Stage III 85 to 90
• Stage IV 80 to 85

109
Mortality Rates

• Each year, about 1,300 Americans die of Hodgkins
  disease.

110
References

• http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-disease/
  DS00186/DSECTION1
• http//www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosis.htm
  l
• http//www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html
• http//www.lymphomainfo.net/tests/galliumscan.html

111
The End!!
112
Leukemia

• Corinne Watson
• Elieka Ghafari
• Period 4

113
History

• Cancer of the blood that develops in the bone
  marrow (soft tissue that fills the inside of
  bones and produces new blood cells)
• First diagnosed in 1845 by John Hughs Benett
• One of the ten most common types of cancer
• Most common type of cancer diagnosed in childern
• Predicted that 30,000 people will be diagnosed
  this year

114
Causes

• No known cause of leukemia
• Possible causes radiation, chemicals, viruses,
  and genetic factors.
• Result from somatic mutations in the DNA, which
  disrupt the regulation of cell death,
  differentiation or division.
• Viruses have also been linked to some forms of
  leukemia.

115
Symptons

• Lack of red blood cells
• anemia
• Damage to the bone marrow
• Suppressed or Dysfunctional white blood cells
• infections
• Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms
• Weakness and fatigue
• Easy bruising/bleeding
• Loss of appetite and/or weight
• Swollen or bleeding gums
• Neurological symptoms (headache)
• Enlarged liver and spleen

116
Acute vs. Chronic

• Acute Leukemia
• rapid growth of immature blood cells
• Crowding disables production of healthy blood
  cells
• Can occur in children and young adults.
• Immediate treatment is required due to the rapid
  progression and accumulation of the malignant
  cells, which can spill over into the bloodstream
  and spread to other organs of the body
• If left untreated, the patient can die in a few
  months, or even weeks

• Chronic
• excessive build up of relatively mature, but
  still abnormal, blood cells
• Typically taking months to years to progress, the
  cells are produced at a much higher rate than
  normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white
  blood cells in the blood.
• Mostly occurs in older people
• Unlike acute leukemia, chronic forms are
  sometimes monitored for some time before
  treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of
  therapy

117
Lymphoid vs. Myeloid

• Diseases are classified according to the type of
  abnormal cell found most in the blood.
• When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes
  and plasma cells), it is called lymphocytic
  leukemia.
• When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and
  basophils) are affected, the disease is called
  myeloid or myelogenous leukemia.
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (also known as Acute
  Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or ALL) is the most
  common type of leukemia in young children. This
  disease also affects adults, especially those age
  65 and older.
• Acute myelogenous leukemia (also known as Acute
  Myeloid Leukemia, or AML) occurs more commonly in
  adults than in children. This type of leukemia
  was previously called acute nonlymphocytic
  leukemia.
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often
  affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes
  occurs in younger adults, but it almost never
  affects children.
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly
  in adults. A very small number of children also
  develop this disease.

118
Treatments

• Combination of drugs
• Bone Marrow/Stem Cell Transplants
• Chemotherapy
• 43 overall survival rate (for all ages)

119
Steve Sprague

• Surviving Leukemia...One Man's Cord Blood
  Miracle.
• Steve was diagnosed with CML in 1995 when he was
  47 years old. In those pre-Gleevec days, the
  standard chemo for leukemia failed after only 17
  months when Steve went into blast crisis. An only
  child and unable to find a matched unrelated
  donor for transplant, he became one of the first
  to participate in a clinical trial for end-stage
  adult CMLers using matching stem cells obtained
  from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and expanded ex
  vivo (in the lab). Now a 4 year survivor, Steve
  volunteers his time as a cord blood advocate and
  has published a short story about his unique
  transplant experience. His tale may be helpful to
  patients, care-givers and even prospective
  parents interested in donating their infant's
  umbilical cord blood.

120
lymphoma

• by rebecca choi
• troy manansala

121
what is it?

• broad term for a variety of cancers in the
  lymphatic system
• lymphatic system-important for fighting disease
  and filtering out bacteria

122
lymphatic system

• Lymph nodes are oval, pea-sized organs
• Found beneath skin along large blood vessels and
  grouped at the neck, underarms, groin, abdomen,
  and pelvis
• Also in spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow,
  adenoids, and tonsils

123
two types

• two main types of lymphoma
• -Hodgkins Disease
• -Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Cause unknown Suspected causes
-viral/bacterial infections -pesticides,
solvents, arsenate, lead, hair dyes, radiation,
paint thinners NOT CONTAGIOUS.
124
Some information

• Can occur in both children and adults
• Most common in early adulthood (15-40) and late
  adulthood (after 55).
• High survival rate
• Effects more men than women.
• Especially high among Jewish populations and low
  among Asian pop.
• Approx. 25,000 die from this cancer worldwide

125
Hodgkins disease

• malignant (cancerous) growth of cells in the
  lymph system
• Has Reed-Stemberg cells in the cancerous area
  (while Non-Hodgkins doesnt)
• better known form of lymphoma
• High survival rate
• number of cases
• 7880 cases in US this year
• 4330 men
• 3550 women

126
Hodgkins Diagnosis

• Lymph nodes can swell, upper body area
• Feeling of lack of energy
• Weight loss, fever, drenching night sweats,
  itching, lower back pain
• Usually a shock and surprise
• Take tissue sample (biopsy) and search for
  Reed-Stemberg cells
• X-rays or PET scans or CT scans

127
Hodgkins Treatment

• Chemotherapy
• Bone marrow and peripheral blood transplants
• Immunotherapy
• Trys to help body fight cancer
• Radiation therapy
• High energy x-rays kill cancer cells and shrink
  tumors
• SURVIVAL STATISTICS UNKNOWN

128
Non-Hodgkins Disease

• Is also malignant
• Growth of B or T cells in lymph system
• Cases outweigh those of Hodgkins disease
• 29 types of lymphoma are non-Hodgkins

129
Non-Hodgkins Diagnosis

• Some symptoms lymph node swelling, unexplained
  itching, fever, weight loss, lack of energy
• Will be tested and doctor will determine which
  type of lymphoma
• Take biopsy (surgical preferred over needle
  biopsy)

130
Non-Hodgkins Treatment

• Several types of treatment
• Chemotherapy is most common
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Bone marrow transplants
• Watch and wait
• The survival statistics of treatments are unknown

131
the history of Hodgkins

• Disease named after Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866)
• English scholar and Quaker physician working at
  Guys Hospital in England
• Publishes paper on lymphatic disease
• 1666 first recorded description of HD by Malpight

132
case study

• Frank Choi
• Diagnosed at age 27 with lymphatic cancer
• Symptoms turning an unhealthy shade of yellow,
  indigestion, bloating
• Needed surgery but doctors unable to operate
  because of the unbelievably huge tumor near his
  stomach (15 cm in diameter)

133
Case study contd.

• Underwent one session of chemotherapy? no hope of
  getting rid of cancer
• Tumor growing controllably
• Was given two weeks to live
• Five days after the failed surgery, his cancer
  was miraculously released through excrement and
  he was healed.

134
And hes definitely healthy now
135
peectures
Dividing Hodgkins disease cells
Tissue sample of HD
Normal lymph tissue
136
sites visited

• http//www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodgkins/
• http//www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/description.h
  tml
• http//www.lymphomainfo.net/nhl/treatment.html

137
Ovarian Cancer

• By
• Fred Ghamyan
• and Charmaine Terania

138
Basic History

• fifth leading cause of cancer death in women
• four cancers preceding it on the list include
  cancers of the lung, breast, colon, and pancreas
• second most commonly diagnosed
• exact causes of ovarian cancer is still unknown.
• more common in industrialized nations
• 1 out of 4-60 women in the United States have a
  chance of developing it sometime in their life.

139
Who can get affected?

• Women (Usually of older age)
• American Indians and Alaska Native women show
  both a higher ovarian cancer incidence and
  mortality rate than white American women
  according to statistics developed by the National
  Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and
  End Results Program, but not included in NCI's
  Report to the Nation.

140
How do you know if you have the cancer?

• One of the most difficult cancers to trace
• Some symptoms that might encourage a woman to
  seek if she has ovarian cancer
• pain in the abdomen
• a feeling of being bloated
• fatigue
• weight loss
• or problems with urination

141
If I think I have it, then what?

• First, an ultrasound scan of the abdomen is
  performed. Sometimes the scan is taken from
  inside the vagina.
• The second test is to measure the level of the
  CA125 marker in the blood.
• However, neither of these tests gives a definite
  diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but if both tests
  are positive, the patient is usually referred to
  a surgeon who will operate to see if the ovaries
  show any signs of cancer

142
What can cause this cancer?

• There is some evidence that being overweight can
  increase your risk of ovarian cancer. Some
  research has suggested that beta-carotene in the
  diet can reduce the risk of this cancer, although
  this finding has not yet been confirmed.
• Genes also have a great deal to do with it
• Overall, if you have one close relative (mother,
  sister or daughter) who has had ovarian cancer,
  your risk goes up about 4-fold. If you have two
  cases amongst close relatives, your risk goes up
  10-fold or more.

143
What does the cancer affect?

• The part of the body affected is the female's
  ovaries located in the fallopian
• tubes of the female
• reproductive system.
• However, it also
• provides pain to parts
• of the abdomen.

144
Is there treatment?

• The treatment used will depend on how advanced
  the cancer is and how old the patient is.
• For younger patients with early cancer, limited
  surgery is used to preserve their fertility.
• For older patients with more advanced cancers,
  the ovaries and the womb are usually removed. If
  the cancer has spread, further tissue may need to
  be removed to get out as much of the cancer as
  possible.
• Chemotherapy is normally used after the surgery
  to kill any remaining cancer cells. Sometimes it
  is also used before the surgery to shrink the
  tumor and make it easier to remove completely.

145
What are the chances that I will be cured if I do
get cancer?

• Overall, only about two out of every five women
  with ovarian cancer can be cured. Like all other
  cancers, the stage at which ovarian cancer is
  diagnosed determines how easily it is to cure. If
  diagnosed and treated while the cancer is still
  confined to the ovaries, nearly 75 of women can
  be cured. However, once it has spread into the
  pelvic cavity, the cure rate drops to one third.
  If it has spread further, only one quarter to on
  sixth of patients can be cured.
• For these figures 'cured' is defined as surviving
  for five years after the first diagnosis. There
  still isnt a definite cure for ovarian cancer.

146
How many people are affected by this cancer per
year?

• In 2005, more than 22,000 women were diagnosed
  with the disease.
• An estimated 16,000 women died from ovarian
  cancer in 2005.

Cancer Cells Dividing gtgt
147
Case Study

• Anne
• Symptoms constant pain in lower abdomen
• Diagnosis through ultrasound
• Treatment surgery, cyst removed
• After effects pain continued but soon went away
• She is still able to have children. ?

148
Prostate Cancer

• By Chandler Sheilds and Joshua Im

149
History Timeline

• The prostate organ was first described by
  Venetian anatomist Niccolò Massa in 1536 and
  illustrated by Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius
  in 1538.
• Prostate cancer was identified in 1853.
• The prostate gland was first removed through
  radical perineal prostatectomy in 1904 by Hugh
  Young at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
• Removal of the prostate and lymph nodes while
  allowing penile function (radical retropubic
  prostatectomy) was developed in 1983 by Patrick
  Walsh.

150
Who Does it Affect?

• Prostate cancer is most common amongst men over
  fifty (exclusively restricted to infecting men).
• Prostate cancer is the ninth most common cancer
  in the world,
• Prostate cancer is the number one non-skin cancer
  that is found amongst United States men.
• Prostate cancer is least common among Asian males
  and most common among black males.

151
Diagnosis

• Prostate cancer is most commonly diagnosed by
  physical examination or by screening blood tests,
  such as the PSA (prostate specific antigen) test.
  
• Suspected prostate cancer is most of the time
  confirmed by removing a piece of the prostate and
  examining it under a microscope.
• Other tests, such as X-rays and bone scans, are
  utilized in order to determine whether prostate
  cancer has spread.

152
Suspected Causes

• Even though the cause of prostate cancer is
  ultimately unknown, a man's risk of attaining
  prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics,
  race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other
  factors.

153
Body Parts Affected

• This particular cancer infects the prostate gland
  in the males reproductive system.
• The cancer will usually spread to the bones and
  the lymph nodes.
• Prostate cancer can cause pain, difficulty in
  urinating, erectile dysfunction, and other
  symptoms.

154
Common Treatments

• Prostate cancer can be treated through surgery,
  radiation therapy, hormone therapy, sometimes
  chemotherapy, watchful waiting, or some
  combination of these methods.

155
Survival Statistics

• The success rate of each of these tactics depends
  upon such criteria as the stage of the cancer,
  the PSA level, and the Gleason score.
• As the result of prostate cancers relatively
  slow-growing nature, the 5-year survival rate for
  prostate cancer diagnosed at all stages is 98,
  the relative 10-year survival rate is 84 and the
  15-year survival rate drops to 56.

156
Mortality Rate

• In 2006, over 232,000 men will be diagnosed with
  prostate cancer, and over 30,000 men will be
  killed by it.

157
Case Study William Greenberg
158
BREAST CANCER

• PRESENTED BY
• AUGUSTA CLEMENT
• JUSTIN KO

159
THE ORIGIN OF BREAST CANCER

• The origin of breast cancer goes as far as 1600
  BC in Egypt.
• In Edwin Smith Papyrus paper, he described 8
  cases of cancer where breast had to be treated by
  cauterization-process of removing body parts by
  burning it.
• The discovery of breast cancer was founded by
  French surgeon Jean Louis Petit and Scottish
  surgeon Benjamin Bell in 17th century where they
  had removed a lymph gland, breast tissue and
  chest muscle.

160
THE EPIDOMIOLOGY OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS

• Age/gender
• The older you are, the more likely you are
  to develop breast cancer. A woman who is 90 years
  old have the chances of getting breast cancer
  increases to 14.3. For men on the other hand,
  generally are invulnerable to breast cancer but
  happens to every 1000 males.
• As you increase in age, the chances of you
  getting breast cancer increases. Also, the
  potency tends to be greater.

161
RACE

• It has been reported that Caucasian women have
  the overall risk of developing breast cancer
  compared to African American women.
• The breast cancer is twice as much in Caucasian
  women compared to Hispanic and Asian women.
• Although occurrence of breast cancer is lower
  among African Americans compared to Caucasians,
  their mortality rate is higher than that of
  Caucasians.

162
THE DIAGNOSIS

• The diagnosis of breast cancer can be done by
  examining breast tissue removed from a patient.
  Other methods such as fine-needle aspiration,
  nipples asiprates, ductal lavage, core needle
  biopsy, nd local surgical biopsy.
• Imagining tests are also used to detect breast
  cancer such as chest x-ray, CT, MRI, and PET
  scanning.

163
THE CAUSE OF BREAST CANCER

• The cause of breast cancer is suspected to be a
  result from DNA damage. Ionizing radiation or
  natural mutation of BCRA1, BCRA2, p53 genes
  contribute to the cause of DNA damage and breast
  cancer.

164
AFFECTED PARTS OF THE BODY

• The affected parts of the body are the breast
  unless the cancer the metastasized, it may spread
  to other organs via blood stream.
• Symptoms-on the picture right

165
COMMON TREATMENTS

• Surgery
• The first choice of treatment to remove the
  affected area.
• Radiation therapy
• It applies to the affected area with
  high-energy rays to destroy the cancerous cells.
  Side effects occur during this process.
• Chemotherapy
• It uses anti-cancer drugs (cytotoxic) to
  destroy cancer cells.
• Hormonal Therapy
• Since most breast cancers need estrogen to
  grow, hormones that help the production of
  estrogen are used as an effective hormonal
  treatment.

166
SURVIVAL STATISTIC

• With the help of treatment, women are able to
  survive by 86.
• Without the treatment only 1 survive.

167
MORTALITY RATE

• 41,619 women die annually.
• According to the chart, Breast cancer is ranked
  6th as the leading caused deaths.

168
THE END

169
Colon Cancer

• Stephanie Granillo
• Jeremy Lazarus

170
Group Affected

• Those with history of colon cancer in family
• Risk increases with age
• 60-70 yrs
• Smokers
• Physically inactive at high risk
• Alcohol increases risks

171
Symptoms

• Often, patients are asymptomatic (have no
  symptoms)
• Lesion
• The nearer the lesion is the anus, the more bowel
  symptoms
• Anemia
• Anorexia
• Asthenia

172
Diagnosis

• Early detection recommended since there may be no
  symptoms
• Fecal occult blood tests
• Endoscopy
• Colonoscopy

173
Causes

• Mushroom like growths (adenomatous polyps) in
  colon
• Hereditary onpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
  syndromes (heredity)

174
Affected Areas

• Colon

175
Treatments

• Surgically remove all or part of colon
• Chemotherapy after surgery prolongs survival

176
Survival and Mortality Rates

• Survival rates for early stage detection is about
  5 times that of late stage cancers.

177
Janice MacAfee

• The MacAfees have a strong history of cancer in
  their family, so Janice has been routinely having
  cancer screenings.
• She learned she had uterine cancer and then, 11
  years later, was diagnosed with colon cancer.
• She had to have 1/3 of her colon removed after a
  polyp was found.

• The doctor told her of another, controversial
  treatment, called colectomy, which requires
  having the entire colon removed.
• She decided to remove only a very large portion
  of her colon because it is recommended for those
  with inherited cancer

178
Janice MacAfee

• Janice eventually took a test for HNPCC to see if
  she carried the gene that causes colon cancer
  because she was worried about the well being of
  her children
• Although her results were inconclusive, she
  convinced her children to take the tests and
  continues to encourage the rest of their family
  to do so as well so they can detect their cancer
  in the beginning stages

179
Skin Cancer

• Mia Reyes
• Patricia Rodriguez

180
Get your facts straight..

• unprotected exposure to the sun in the first 15
  years of life more than doubles the chances of
  getting skin cancer later in life
• - skin cancer is the most common form of
  cancer, probably accounting for at least half of
  all cancers.
• about half of all Americans who live to age 65
  will be diagnosed with skin cancer
• according to the ACS, men are about twice as
  likely to develop non-melanoma as women
• - The American Cancer Society estimates there
  will be about 10,710 deaths from skin cancer in
  2006 7,910 from melanoma and 2,800 from other
  skin cancers.
• - Skin cancer was first described as an inhibitor
  of tubular morphogenesis in cells grown in
  culture.

181
Causes.

• Sunburn
• UV light
• Tanning
• .. Or anything else that can damage your skin
• Heredity environment could also be contributing
  factos

182
Different types of Skin Cancer

• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Is the most common form of skin cancer and
  accounts for 90 of all skin cancer in the US
• These cancers almost never spread (metastasize)
  to other parts of the body.
• However, they can cause damage by growing and
  invading surrounding tissue.

183
Basal call carcinoma contd

• Removal
• The doctor's main goal is to remove or destroy
  the cancer completely with as small a scar as
  possible.

184
Squamous Cell Carcinomais cancer in the
squamous cells (think, flat cells that look like
fish scales under a microscope and found in
tissue that forms on surface of skin)occurs
roughly one-quarter as often as basal cell
carcinomacells can metastasize
Different types of Skin Cancer
185
Do you have skin cancer?

• Doctors often can recognize and distinguish skin
  cancer just by looking at it.
• Sometimes many people could just detect it by
  themselves
• -It first appears as a growth, or abnormal
  accumulation of cells. It sometimes takes the
  form of a sore or pim