Native Americans

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Pacific Northwest
Desert Southwest
Native Americans
Eastern Woodlands
Plains
By Kendra
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Crow
Plains
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Crow Shelter

• The Crow Indians shelter were tepees
• The traditional shelters of the Crow are tepees
  made with buffalo skins and wooden poles. They
  are known to construct some of the largest
  tepees. Inside they have mattresses to sleep on
  along the borders of their shelters, and a fire
  place, which the smoke escapes from through a
  hole in the top of the tepee. Many Crow families
  still own and use the tepee, especially when
  traveling. Crow Fair has been described as the
  largest gathering of tepees in the world.

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Crow Indian clothing
Crow women wore long deerskin dresses. Crow men
wore Breechcloths with leather leggings and
buckskin shirts. Both men and women wore
moccasins on their feet. A Crow lady's dress or
warrior's shirt was fringed and often decorated
with porcupine quills, beadwork, and elk teeth.
Later, Crow people adapted European costume such
as cloth dresses and vests, which they also
decorated with beading and traditional ornaments.

.
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Food
The Crows were primarily hunting people. Crow men
hunted deer, elk, and especially buffalo. Some
Crow bands raised corn in their village gardens,
but others grew only tobacco there. Sometimes
Crow Indians traded for corn from more
agricultural tribes such as the Mandan's. Crow
women also gathered herbs, fruits, and other
plants to add to their diet.
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Climate
Reservation
and
The climate on the Crow reservation varies from
humid above 7,000 feet in the Bighorn Mountains,
with 24 inches of annual precipitation, to
semi-arid around 2,900 feet near Hardin, with 12
inches of annual precipitation. Because of this
variation, the vegetation ranges from conifer
forests to grasslands. Approximately 75 of the
precipitation falls from March through July. The
growing season ranges from 115 days at Busby, 123
days at Hardin, 126 days at Wyola, to 135 days at
Crow Agency
The Crow Reservation is in south central Montana,
bordered by Wyoming to the south. The northwest
boundary of the reservation is about ten miles
from Billings. About 75 percent of the Crow
tribe's approximately 9,300 enrolled members live
on or near the reservation. Many speak Crow as
their first language. It was very hot and dry
which affected their food and clothing.
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Tools
Weapons
Crow warriors used powerful bows and arrows, war
clubs, spears, and hide shields.
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Crow Tradition
Crow women were in charge of the home. Besides
cooking and cleaning, a Crow woman built her
family's house and took it apart again whenever
the tribe moved. Crow men were hunters and
warriors, responsible for feeding and defending
their families. Sometimes a Crow woman,
especially a widow, might ride into battle with
the men or even become a chief, but this was
rare. Both genders took part in storytelling,
artwork and music, and traditional medicine
The crow medicine wheel
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Navajo
Desert Southwest
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The Navajo mostly lived in Utah,Arizona,and New
Mexico. They had canyons rocks, and sandstones.
Its really hot and dry. They also have Semi
Deserts.
The Navajo homes were made of cow manure and
were called Hogans.
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Clothing

• Navajo people express their hunting and gathering
  heritage in their clothing, and especially in
  their leather moccasins. The ancestors of the
  Pueblo people of the Southwest preferred sandals
  woven from yucca and other fibers. These child's
  moccasins, worn now through the sole, were found
  in a cache in a cliff-face in the Gobernador.
  Spanish documents tell of the Navajo wearing
  moccasins, buckskin shirts and leggings trimmed
  with metal buttons for the men, and fine woven
  mantas, or sleeveless dresses for the women. Men,
  women, and children wore pendants of shell,
  coral, and glass beads

Navajo and Apache people express their hunting
and gathering heritage in their clothing, and
especially in their leather moccasins. The
ancestors of the Pueblo people of the Southwest
preferred sandals woven from yucca and other
fibers. These child's moccasins, worn now through
the sole, were found in a cache in a cliff-face
in the Gobernador. Spanish documents tell of the
Navajo wearing moccasins, buckskin shirts and
leggings trimmed with metal buttons for the men,
and fine woven mantas, or sleeveless dresses for
the women. Men, women, and children wore pendants
of shell, coral, and glass beads.
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Food
Traditional staples of the Navajo diet are mutton
stew, fry bread, tortillas, fried potatoes with
corned beef and spam, and do they love coffee. 
When a Navajo visitor enters your home at
mealtime it is assumed that you (the host) will
automatically make a place for them at the
table.  Even when it is not mealtime, coffee is
always a welcome and expected beverage of choice
of the Navajo adults.
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Tools
Weapons
and

• Navajo hunters used bows and arrows in war,
  Navajo men fired their bows or fought with spears
  and rawhide shields Navajo tools included wooden
  hoes and rakes for farming, Spindles and looms
  for weaving and pump drills for boring hole sin
  turquoise and other beads

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Location
Tsé bit'a'í ("Rock with Wings") or Ship Rock, a
550-m exhumed diatreme and dike complex in the
mid-Tertiary Navajo Volcanic Field. It is a
prominent landform in the northeastern Navajo
Nation. Image courtesy of Steven Semken.
Details The Navajo Nation, which is located on
the Colorado Plateau, is arid to semi-arid. The
annual precipitation in most areas is less than
10 inches. The Navajo Nation is known for having
very cold winters and very hot summers, with an
annual average temperature of about 40ºF to 55ºF.
Climatic patterns vary from south to north across
the Colorado Plateau. Much of the northern
Plateau shares a climatic regime with the Great
Basin. The region generally lies outside the
typical major pathways of winter and summer
moisture-bearing masses. Winter moisture comes
infrequently from Pacific air masses, and summers
are generally hot, with infrequent convective
rainfall. Precipitation in the southern Colorado
Plateau is low to moderate in the early winter,
increasing in February and March, and then
dropping off quickly into April. May through June
is very dry throughout the region
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The Navajo believed in many gods. The most
powerful god was Sun Bearer and one of his wives,
Changing Women. The land of the Navajo was marked
off by four sacred mountains white mountains,
turquoise blue mountain, yellow mountain, and jet
black mountain.
Culture
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Makah
Pacific Northwest
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Makah Shelter
The Makah's lived in coastal villages of
rectangular cedar-plank houses with flat roofs.
Usually these houses were large (up to 60 feet
long) and each one housed several families from
the same clan
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Makah Clothing
Makah men didn't usually wear clothing at all,
though some men wore breech-clouts. Women wore
short skirts made of cedar bark or grass. In the
rain, the Makah's wore tule rush capes, and in
colder weather, they wore tunics, fur cloaks and
moccasins on their feet. Later, after European
influence, Makah people began wearing blanket
robes
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Makah Reservation
The mean annual precipitation is about 120 inches
and the mean annual is about 47 degrees
ferinheight.
The Makah people live on a reservation that sits
on the most northwestern tip of the Olympic
Peninsula in Washington State. The northern
boundary of the reservation is the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. The western boundary is the Pacific
Ocean. The remaining two land borders can expand
if the Tribe purchases additional parcels of real
estate. The current reservation is approximately
27,000 acres, a small portion of the territory
controlled by the Tribe before the Treaty of Neah
Bay was signed in 1855.
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Makah Food
The Makah Indians were primarily marine hunters.
Makah men hunted seals, sea lions, and even
whales from their canoes. They also caught fish
and hunted deer, birds, and small game on land.
Makah women gathered clams and shellfish,
berries, and roots.
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Tools and Weapons
Makah hunters used harpoons tipped with mussel
shells and bows and arrows. Fishermen used hook
and line or wooden fish traps. In war, Makah men
fired their bows or fought with spears and war
clubs. Makah warriors would wear armor made of
hardened elk hide
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Reservation
Until historic times, the Makah Indian Tribe was
composed of five principal winter villages. The
prehistoric population of the Makah was estimated
at approximately 4000 people, almost double what
it is today. The five villages were located on
the shores of the Pacific Ocean and the Strait of
Juan de Fuca. These villages were composed of
large cedar plank longhouses, which housed many
members of an extended family. The social units
of Makah life were large extended families.
Cultural information was vested in these
families, as were inherited cultural privileges,
or "tupa't" such as ownership of songs, dances,
stories, land and ocean resources and cultural
information. Such "tupa't" was and is today,
owned not by the Makah as a whole, but by Makah
families and individuals within Family.
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Iroquois
Eastern Woodlans
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SHELTER
Longhouses were very important shelters for the
Iroquois.  They used many materials to make a
longhouse such as elm bark, tree trunks and deer
tendons.  First, they made the rectangular frame
of the longhouse by bending and fitting the
wooden poles into the right places.  Then, the
Iroquois covered the whole frame with sections of
bark. After the longhouse was finished it was
anywhere from typically 30 to 200 feet long, 15
to 25 feet wide and 10 to 20 feet high.  There
were smoke holes at the top of each longhouse to
allow smoke from the fires to escape from the
longhouse.  Whenever there was rain or snow, the
Native Americans would pull down a flap to cover
the hole.  These flaps were made from animal
skins.  Also, there were two doors, one at each
end of the longhouse.  These doors were also
covered with large animal skins.  Over the front
door, the Iroquois placed a clan symbol to show
what clan they belonged to.  The longhouse was a
unique shelter built by the Iroquois people.
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Clothing
  Clothing provided  both protection and
decoration in the Iroquois culture.  Men wore
hats that stretched over their heads with a
column in the middle with feathers attached so
that it spun in the wind. They also dressed in
seasonal clothing.  In the summer, they wore
woven corn husk moccasins to keep their feet
cool.  They also wore breech cloths.  In the
winter, men wore thick buckskin leggings and a
long frilled shirt that ran down to their knees.
They also wore something like trousers to keep
their leggings up and keep their legs warm. 
Also, in the winter they covered themselves with
a large, warm, furry  blankets that covered them
in a dome of warmth.  In many seasons they wore
deerskin moccasins.  The amazing pictures of
Iroquois clothing floating in your head are just
a piece of Iroquois history.
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• The Iroquois ate a variety of foods from the
  forest.  They had berries, such as wild cherries,
  strawberries, currents and huckleberries.  They
  also  collected many types of nuts.  For 
  instance, chestnuts, beechnuts, hickory nuts,
  butternuts, acorns and black walnuts were eaten
  by the Iroquois.  Also, maple sap was one of the
  few sweeteners that the Indians had.  The sap was
  collected from maple trees in the forest  The
  maple sap was used  for making  maple sugar to
  put in breads.  They also boiled the sap and made
  a syrup and even made a type of snow cone candy
  treat for the children.  A very important part of
  the forest was the plants used for medicine.  The
  medicines were used to cure sicknesses that could
  cause deaths.  Foods from the forest were an
  important part of the Iroquois diet.

Food
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The Iroquois climate was sometimes cold and
sometimes it was hot. The average temperature is
around forty degrees ferinheight during the
winter time. In the summer it was well over
seventy degrees ferinheight.
Reservation and Climate
The original homeland of the Iroquois was in
upstate New York between the Adirondack Mountains
and Niagara Falls. Through conquest and
migration, they gained control of most of the
northeastern United States and eastern Canada. At
its maximum in 1680, their empire extended west
from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through
Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and
Mississippi Rivers then north following the
Illinois River to the south end of Lake Michigan
east across all of lower Michigan, southern
Ontario and adjacent parts of southwestern
Quebec and finally south through northern New
England west of the Connecticut River through the
Hudson and upper Delaware Valleys across
Pennsylvania back to the Chesapeake. With two
exceptions - the Mingo occupation of the upper
Ohio Valley and the Caughnawaga migration to the
upper St. Lawrence - the Iroquois did not, for
the most part, physically occupy this vast area
but remained in their upstate New York villages.
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Tools and Weapons
Iroquois hunters used bows and arrows. Iroquois
fishermen generally used spears and fishing
poles. In war, Iroquois men used their bows and
arrows or fought with clubs, spears and shields.
Other important tools used by the Iroquois
Indians included stone adzes (hand axes for
woodworking), flint knives for skinning animals,
and wooden hoes for farming. The Iroquois were
skilled woodworkers, steaming wood so they could
bend it into curved tools. Some Iroquois people
still make lacrosse sticks this way today.
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Culture
Iroquois society was characterized by several
features. Among these were the position of social
responsibility occupied by women in their
matrilineal and matrilocal society. The basic
social unit was the large matrilineal family and
individual loyalty extended from this to clan, to
tribe, and finally to the Iroquois League. This
intertribal political organization was the major
accomplishment of the Iroquois. The League, in
turn, made the Iroquois a decisive force in the
fur trade and in the conflicts incident to the
European colonization of Northeastern North
America. Religion was intimately involved in all
areas of Iroquois life. Dreaming was an accepted
method of communication with the spirit world.
These aspects of the Iroquois culture are
presented in an attempt to make the Iroquois and
their society more comprehensible to teachers and
to all interested adults.
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Makah
Navajo
Summery The climate between the Navajo, Makah,
Crow. Iroquois were very similar during the
summer time. It was usually above 70 degrees
ferinhite for all four tribes. They have a very
alike diet. They are different from their culture.
Iroquois
Crow
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Bibliography
The End

• Special thanks to www.google.com
• Http//www.Bigorrin.org/Iroquois_kids.htm