Formulations, Adjuvants

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Formulations, Adjuvants Drift

• In the Basic Manual
• Formulations - Page 43
• Adjuvants - Page 47
• Drift Pages 55
• Pages 62, 63

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What is a Formulation

• How a pesticide is packaged.
• Contains
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredient

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Types of formulations

• Liquid
• pounds a.i. per gallon
• Dry
• a.i. per pound

?A.I. Chemical properties ? influences
formulation.
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Active Ingredients a.i.

• Pesticidal effect

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Inert Ingredients

• Inactive ingredients mixed with a.i.
• Formulation easier to handle or store.
• Toxic or non-toxic

ANTIFREEZE
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Liquid Formulations

• EC emulsifiable concentrate
• S - soluble
• ULV ultra low volume
• F or FL - flowables
• ME micro-encapsulated

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Dry Formulations

• WP Wettable powder
• DF Dry Flowable
• WDG Water Dispersable Granule
• D - Dust
• P or G Pellets or Granules
• M or ME Micro-Encapsulated

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Effects of Different Formulations
Formulation Formulation Hazards Phytox Equipment Agitate Compatible
WP Inhale Safe abrasive Yes High
DF/WDG DF/WDG Safe Safe abrasive Yes Good
SP SP Dusts Safe Non-abrasive Some Fair
D D Inhale Safe NA NA NA
G or P G or P Inhale Safe NA NA NA
EC EC Dermal Maybe Seals, gaskets No Fair
F or FL F or FL Dermal Maybe abrasive Yes Fair
S S Dermal Safe Non-abrasive No Fair
M or ME M or ME Dermal Safe Generally ok Yes Fair
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Convert a.i. to formulated gallons pg 73
active ingredient
Gallons of Formulation

lbs. a.i per gallon
0.50 pounds of picloram required
0.50 lbs. A.I.
0.25 gallons Tordon

2 lbs. A.I. Per gal.
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Convert a.i. dry formulation
active ingredient
Lbs. Of formulation
Gallons of Formulation

a.i per pound
lbs. a.i per gallon
1 pound of tebuthiuron required
1 pounds A.I.
1.25 pounds Spike

0.80 a.i. per pound
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Mixing Order

• Fertilizer based surfactants first and
  compatibility agents
• Wettable Powders, Dry flowables
• Agitate
• Liquid formulations, Solubles
• Emulsifiable concentrates
• Soluble powders Remaining Surfactants

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COMPATIBILITY TEST

• A small scale test using a 1 quart jar
• Proportions
• 1 teaspoon per pint 1 pint per 100 gallons of
  water
• Check for lumps, clumps, gunk, goop, glop, heat

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Spray Additives

• Carrier body to formulation
• Aids in storage and application
• At time of manufacture
• Diluent
• Dilutes concentrated formulation
• At time of Application
• Solvents
• Aid in mixing
• Adjuvants
• - Enhance or modify performance

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Adjuvants include

• Acidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutions
• Acidifiers - lower pH.
• Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of spray
  solutions.
• Anti-foaming agents
• Compatibility agents
• Deposition aids
• Drift control agents
• Emulsification aids

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Adjuvants also include
Retention agents
Dispersing and Suspension Agents

• Many surfactants

Surface-Acting agents)
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Surfactants
Surface Acting Agent
Reduces Surface Tension
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(No Transcript)
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Contact Angle with a surfactant 30 to 60
degrees. More leaf surface is covered
30-60o
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Surfactants/wetting agentsNon-ionic Surfactants

• Composed of alcohols and fatty acids

• Non-ionic no charge
• Cationic ()
• Anionic (-)
• Reduces surface tension
• Improves spreading, sticking and herbicide uptake
• All purpose

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Silicones Surfactants

• Blend of silicone non-ionic surfactants some
  are entirely silicone
• Good spreadability
• Maximum rainfastness due to increased absorption.

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OilsCrop Oil Concentrates (COC)

• Blend of paraffin based petroleum oil and
  surfactants
• Provides penetration characteristics of crop oil
  and surface tension reducing qualities of the NIS
• Used primarily with grass herbicides

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True Seed Oils

• Seed oils(corn, soybean, canola) with an alcohol
  to form an ester
• MSO and ESO
• Methylated Seed Oil
• Ethylated Seed Oil

More crop friendly than COCs
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FERTILIZERS SURFACTANTS

• Improved herbicide performance
• Neutralizes hard water mineral ions
• Ammonium sulfate
• Adjust pH
• more herbicide is transported into the plant.
• 2,4-D
• Pursuit (imazethapyr)
• Poast (sethoxydim)
• Used primarily with broadleaf herbicides.

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Water Quality

• pH (alkalinity)
• Hard Water
• Dirty Water

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Water Quality

• Alkaline Hydrolysis effect of high pH
• Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides degrade
  in pH gt7.

• Organophosphates
• Malathion/Parathion
• Dorsban/Lorsban
• Diazinon

• Carbamates
• Sevin
• Lannate

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pH and Pesticides
Trade name Common name pH Half-life
Furadan Carbofuran 9.0 6.0 78 hours 8 days
Sevin Carbaryl 9 7 24 hours 24 days
Malathion Malathion 7.0 8.0 35 days 9.0 hours
Imidan Phosmet 4.5 7.0 13 days lt 12 hours
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Water Quality Low pH

• pH 5-7 is optimum for most herbicides.
• Acid Hydrolysis
• Sulfonyl Urea herbicides degrade in acidic
  environments.
• Ally and Escort
• Most sulfonyl ureas are stable in pH gt 7.9

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Other pH Effects

• Mixing Assert and Curtail
• Assert works best at pH 4
• Curtail is an amine raises the pH to 7 when
  mixed with Assert
• Assert precipitates out
• Use Curtail M (an ester) if you need to mix
  these.

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At a low pH, 2,4-D is an uncharged molecule
At a high pH, 2,4-D becomes anionic or
negatively charged
O-CH2-C-OH
O-CH2-C-O-
H
OH-
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Water Quality Hardness

• Use max rate or reduce carrier volume
• Severe hard water (Roundup) - add ammonium
  sulfate (AMS) or spray-grade water conditioner
• Severe hard water (2,4-D other salt based
  herbicides
• adjuvants
• Avoid salt based herbicides

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Water Quality Hardness

• Hard Water Ca and mg
• ppm or grains
• Affect salt-based herbicides Roundup, 2,4-D.

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Salt-based herbicide or a surfactant Calcium
replaces the sodium
O-CH2-C-O- Na
Ca2
Cl
Cl
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Different 2,4-Ds Hard Water

• Form of 2,4-D Stability in Hard Water
• Di-ethyl amine Fair
• K, Na salts Poor
• Esters Good

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Formulations, Adjuvants Drift

• In the Basic Manual
• Formulations - Page 43
• Adjuvants - Page 47
• Drift Pages 55
• Pages 62, 63