India

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India
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I. India (continued)
Since the mid-1700s Britain had controlled
India British ended slavery, improved schools,
built a large railroad network However, they
would import cotton from India and make it into
cloth in Britain and then sell it in India -
millions of Indian textile workers lost their
jobs British officials held the positions of
power - angered most Indians During the
1800s, a strong feeling of nationalism developed
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A. Mohandis Ghandi

• Law student who studied in England
• believer in love peace
• nonviolent resistance
• boycotted British cloth
• donated 2 hours every day spinning his own clothes

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A. Ghandi (continued)

• Developed a mass movement
• 1935 - British gave in and agreed to establish
  provinces governed entirely by Indians
• 1948 - Ghandi assassinated

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B. Religious Conflict

• Hindus (landowners) v. Muslims (poor peasants)
• 1947 - partitioned India - became Hindu India and
  Muslim East and West Pakistan
• 12 million people moved

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B. Religious Conflict (continued)

• Main rulers of East and West Pakistan were
  located in West Pakistan (current-day Pakistan).
  The 2 Pakistans were composed of different ethnic
  groups and East Pakistan felt that they did not
  receive a fair shake.
• 1971 - a huge devastating flood hit East Pakistan
  killing over 300,000 people. Help arrived very
  slowly from West Pakistan and this angered the
  East Pakistanis. Bangladesh was formed at this
  time as a result.

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C. Religious Life

• 1. Hinduism
• majority of Indians practice Hindu
• every living thing has a spirit or soul that
  comes from Brahma (creator)
• cows are sacred - Hindus dont eat beef
• Ganges River - holy - purifies the souls of
  people who bathe in or drink from it. It is also
  India's most extensive, most agriculturally
  productive, and most densely populated region
• reincarnation - belief that souls of human beings
  and animals go through a series of births,
  deaths, and rebirths until the soul is pure
  enough to be united w/ Brahma

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How would you like to drink from this water?
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1. Hinduism (continued)

• Caste System - social hierarchy in which people
  are born into a particular group that has been
  given a distinct rank in society - you cannot
  move from your caste
• 1. Brahmans - priests, teachers, and judges
• 2. Kshatriyas - warriors
• 3. Vaisyas - farmers merchants
• 4. Sudras - craftworkers laborers
• 5. Untouchables (outcasts) - do the unclean work
  / have no opportunities

temple of Devi Jogadanta in Khajuraho, India,
exemplifies the symbolic character of Hindu
temple architecture.
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Taj Mahal - built by the fifth Mughal emperor,
Shah Jahan in 1631 in memory of his second wife,
Mumtaz Mahal, a Muslim Persian princess.
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D. Village Life

• Food - eat a lot of rice, no beef. Why?
• Clothing - light and loose
• Joint Family system - household includes uncles
  and other relatives

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E. Life in Towns

• Homes built of mud and tarpaper
• cows wander the streets

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F. Life in Cities

• Crowded and poor
• Bombay - 127,461 people / sq. mile (NY has 24,327
  people / sq. mile)
• New Delhi - capital and center of govt
• Varanasi - Hindus regard it as the holiest city
  in the world - Why?

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G. Economic Improvements

• 1. Advances in Farming
• better farming methods
• increased irrigation
• higher quality seeds
• all of these together result in more and
  better crops

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G. Economic Improvements (continued)
2. Expanded Industry a. Top 10 in Industrial
Nations b. Iron ore, coal, bauxite, manganese
resources 3. Education 1950 - 16 were
literate now - almost 50 are
literate 4. Health Care 1950 - life expectancy
was 32 years now - life expectancy is around
60 years unhealthy water - past - drank from
open wells - now - deep machine-made wells w/
covers are used so there is less disease
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H. Population
1. Problems 1 billion people live there
large families - to farm and run
businesses deforestation - clearing forest to
make room for farmland - this results in over
planting 2. Solutions smaller
families improving health care better
education
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II. Pakistan
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A. Physical Geography

• 3 physical regions
• 1. Hindu Kush - northern western borders
• Khyber Pass - allows movement between Afghanistan
  Pakistan - many refugees have come through to
  seek solace
• keeps the cold air from penetrating. As a result
  - warm temps

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A. Physical Geography (continued)

• 2. Baluchistan Plateau - western Pakistan
• 3. Thar Desert - eastern Pakistan
• in between Baluchistan Plateau and Thar Desert
  lies the Indus River Valley
• most Pakistanis live here
• major hydroelectric power stations located here -
  electricity produced by the movement of water
• Tarbela Dam - one of the worlds biggest
  producers of hydroelectric power
• turned millions of acres of arid desert into lush
  crop land
• Pakistans natural resources - iron ore, coal,
  and oil

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B. Human Geography

• 1. Religion Culture
• majority are Muslims
• women generally have fewer freedoms

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B. Human Geography (continued)

• 2. Politics
• President Musharraf
• allied w/ the U.S. against the Taliban
• have just moved their nuclear weapons to 6 secret
  locations

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B. Human Geography (continued)

• Conflict over Kashmir - both India Pakistan
  have claims - violence continues

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