Three%20hourly%20exams%20plus%20final%20exam%20(450%20pts),

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Grades

• Three hourly exams plus final exam (450 pts),
• You will have 1.5 hours to complete each exam,
• You will be allowed one (1) 11 x 8.5 crib
  sheet, both sides, for each exam,
• Exams - 150 points each, Final Exam
  cumulative.
• Quizzes will be given every Wednesday (total
  100 pts),
• will cover the basics of the assigned reading
• (including that day's assignment),
• quizzes 12.5 points each, 15 minutes,
• No Make-up Quizzes, absolutely no exceptions,

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Know This
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Assignment Correlate this with the observed
phenotype.
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Mendels Results, F2 DihybridP generation cross
YYRR x yyrr F1 generation cross YyRr x YyRr

• Y_ R_ 315
• yyR_ 108
• Y_rr 101
• yyrr 32

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Forked-Line Method
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Genotypes Y--R--
1/4 RR
1/4 YY
1/2 Rr
1/4 RR
1/2 Yy
1/2 Rr
9/16
yellow/round
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Genotypes Y--rr
1/4 YY
1/2 Yy
1/4 yy
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Genotypes Y--rr
1/4 YY
1/4 rr
1/2 Yy
1/4 rr
3/16
yellow/wrinkled
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Genotypes yyR--
1/4 YY
1/2 Yy
1/4 yy
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Genotypes yyR--
1/4 yy
1/2 Rr
1/4 yy
1/4 RR
3/16
green/round
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Genotypes yyrr
1/4 YY
1/2 Yy
1/4 yy
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Genotypes yyrr
1/4 yy
1/4 rr


green/wrinkled
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F2 via Forked Line

• Y--R-- yellow/round 9/16
• Y--rr yellow/wrinkled 3/16
• yyR-- green/round 3/16
• yyrr green/wrinkled 1/16

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Why use Forked-Line Method?

• Based on a classic dihybrid cross (YYRR x yyrr),
  what is the probability that an organism in the
  F2 generation will have round seeds and breed
  true for green cotyledons?

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OK?
YR
Yr
yR
yr
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
YR
YYrr
Yyrr
YYRr
YyRr
Yr
yyRR
yyRr
YyRR
YyRr
yR
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
yr
3/16 p 0.1875
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BetterYyRr x YyRr (F1)
3/16 p 0.1875
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Best (?)YyRr x YyRr (F1)
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Forked-Line Method(phenotypes)
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Example

• P Rr YY x rrYy
• Probability Rr YY in offspring

1/2 Rr
1/2 rr
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Example

• P Rr Yy x RRYy
• Probability of Rr Yy in offspring

1/2 Yy
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Using ProbabilityLecture 3 Example
YYSs x YySs
YY x Yy Ss x Ss
YY or Yy SS Ss ss
(p) Y_ 1
(p) S_ .75
Product Rule (p) Y_S_ .75
(p) ss .25
Product Rule (p) Y_ss .25
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Humans ?

• Is it possible to ascertain the mode of
  inheritance of genes in organisms where designed
  crosses and the production of large numbers of
  offspring are not practical?

Pedegree an orderly diagram of a families
relevant genetic features.
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Assignment figure out this pedigree.
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From Previous Page
Assignment figure out this pedigree.
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Symbols
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More Symbols
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And more
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Where Do you Start?
Aa Aa or AA Aa
Aa
Recessive Trait? or Dominant Trait?
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What More Can You Say?
Aa Aa or AA Aa
Aa
Recessive Trait
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Predictions
What if you were a genetic counselor? What are
the odds that this individual carries the trait?
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Predictions
What if you were a genetic counselor? What are
the odds that this individual carries the trait?
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Conditional Probability
Aa
Aa
?
1/4 AA
1/4 Aa
1/4 aa
1/4 Aa
1 1 1
(p)Aa 2/3 .66
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Conditional Probability

• is the probability of an event occurring given
  that another event also occurs...
• P(event) without the condition
• p(condition)
• 
  

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Conditional Probability

• Example With a 6-sided die, what is the
  probability of rolling a 2, given that an even
  number is rolled on the die

p(2 roll even ) p(2 roll)
p(even)
p(2 roll even ) 1/6
1/2
1/3
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probability without the conditionprobability of
the condition
p(probability of being a heterozygote)
1/2
p(probability of A_)
3/4
2/3
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Conditional Probability
p(event) without the condition
p(condition)

• Use the formula,
• Or use a Punnett Square,
• Or...

p(AB)
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Kidney Disease
If 1 and 2 had an offspring, what is the
probability that their first kid would show the
phenotype?
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A Simplification

• Unless otherwise specified (or the pedigree
  suggests otherwise), the traits that we will
  track will be rare,
• We will assume a p 0 that a non-familial mate
  carries the trait.

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Kidney Disease

• non-familial mates from outside of the
  family,
• if k is the recessive trait, then these
  individuals are KK.

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Kidney Disease
If 1 and 2 had an offspring, what is the
probability that their first kid would show the
phenotype?
1/8 .125
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Kidney Disease
If 1 and 2 had an offspring, what is the
probability that the first kid would be a boy,
and show the phenotype?
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Kidney Disease
If 1 and 2 had an offspring, what is the
probability that the first kid would be a boy,
and show the phenotype?
1/16
x 1/2
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Practice 1
Round (R) and Yellow (Y) are dominant.
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Practice 2
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Practice 3
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Questions

• Dont rely on the answers in the back of the book
  to solve your problems
• Dont just solve them, but understand the
  principles needed to solve them.

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Assignments

• Read from Chapter 3, 3.6 (pp. 100-105),
• Master Problems3.12, 3.15, 3.20,
• Chapter 4, Problems 1, 2,
• Questions 4.1 - 4.4, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9, 4.11 - 4.14,
  4.16, 4.19 - 4.20.