?????? ?????/?? (i.e. ????)

1
???????????/??(i.e. ????)

• ???
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????????
• 2008/5/10

2
Scientific Methods Binding together of Facts by
Ideas ???? ????????
History of Science Perpetual Sequence of
Conjectures and Refutations ??? ????????
3

• ???????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????
• ??????????
• ????? ?????? ?
• ??????
• Punch Lines

4
????????????
Picassos Don Quixote
Rodins Thinker
5

• ???? (Vs ???? )
• ?? How Science ought to be done
• ?????????????
• Nature of Truth (Vs Truth of Nature )
• Operating System (Vs Software)

6
????? (????????) ????? (????????)
7
???????
8
????? (e.g Mastermind)
????
?? ?? ????
9
???????

• Theory ?Observation one-to-one
• Observation ? Theory one-to-many

10
??-?????????
???????? Pythagorus, Galileo, Descartes, Newton,
Bacon, Herschel, Whewell, Berkeley, Mach,
Popper,Feyerabend, Lakatos, Kuhn ..
11
???? (Anything that works ??)
consistent
contradictory
12

• Induction(??) Vs Axiomatic(??) Approaches
• e.g. Newtons Theory of Light (I) Vs Newtons
  Laws of Motion (A)
• emphasis on data/facts (I) Vs creative
  imagination (A)
• Common objectives explain known phenomena and
  make predictions of new ones
• Modern language Bottom-Up (I) Vs Top-Down
  (A)

13

• Axioms of Newtonss Theory of Mechanics
• Every body continues in its state of rest, or of
  uniform motion in a right line, unless it is
  compelled to change that state by forces
  impressed upon it.
• The change of motion is proportional to the
  motive force impressed and is made in the
  direction of the right line in which that force
  is impressed.
• To every action there is always opposed an equal
  reaction or, the mutual actions on two bodies
  upon each other are always equal, and directed to
  contrary parts.

14
(No Transcript)
15

• Law (??) Theory (??)
• no clear border-line in general
• descriptive see that (Law) Vs explanatory see
  as (Theory)
• Theories incorporate Laws via deduction
• Laws can outlive Theories
• e.g. Boyles Law to Kinetic Theory Keplers Law
  to Newtons theory of Gravitation
• effective theory (a la onion) explain
  predict at certain scale without understanding of
  underlying mechanism , using theoretically
  non-derivable fundamental constants to
  parametrize our ignorance
• e.g. fluid mechanics (viscosities, densities etc
  as fundamental variables, without involving
  molecular physics)
• i.e. all scientific theory are effective at
  present.

16
Physics Holy Grail Theory of Everything
(ToE)
17
All Theories are False Some Theories are More
False than the Others . (Karl Popper) But .
refutation (??) ? rejection (??)
i.e. Theories approach but cannot, in principle,
achieve "necessary truth " that which is, is,
and cannot not be " (Aristotle)
18

• Criteria of Acceptance / Gauge of Progress of
  Theory
• BOTTOM LINE
• Facts (experimental/observational confirmations),
  facts, more facts !
• Survival of the Fittest

19

• Confirmation weights
• Reproducibility
• Internal consistency
• Unversality
• Testability/Falsifiable range of possibilities
  of falsification
• Predictive power, esp. to the extreme range
• Extension of understanding to new regions
• Knowledge of boundaries (limits of validity)
• crucial experiments differentiate competing
  theories
• Progress of Science Progressive incorporation
  of past knowledge into new framework
• New theory converges to old ones in asymptotic
  region
• River-tributary , with rapids analogy
• e.g. Newtons Theory included Keplers Law,
  Galileos Law of free fall, motions of tides ..
  etc
• A continuing process with occasional revolutions
• Normal Vs Revolution Science

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
10-9 !!!!!!!
23

• Limitations in Theory
• Are they reality, final, complete, and permanent
  ? (NO)
• Hypothesis, Laws, Theories, Realities not
  distinct (e.g. atoms)
• Idealized/Simplified give predictions (real
  world) only after modelling/making assumptions ,
  and specify initial/boundary conditions ( from
  mathematical forms to numbers !! )
• Sometimes based on first-principles/axioms
  which cannot be proven.
• Chaos System unpredictable infinitely
  sensitive to initial conditions
• Quantum cosmology Only One Universe to Observe
  
• Can it be investigated with Scientific
  Methods ?

• Facts cannot prove a theory to be completely and
  absolutely true. Theories can only be shown to be
  empirically adequate.

24
(No Transcript)
25
e.g. Are Feynman diagrams realities ?? If so,
physics or mathematics ? .
i.e. agreement between ideas facts to 6 digits
(parts per million) !!!!
26
Beyond Scientific Methods . ??????
. if a thing is not a Science, it is not
necessarily bad. For example, Love is not a
Science. So if something is said not to be a
Science, it does not mean there is something
wrong with it it just means it is not a Science.
( Richard Feynman )
27

• Distinguish / Identify / ??
• Science Vs Non-Science
• Good Science Vs Bad Science
• Genuine Science Vs Pseudo-Science

28
???????????
29
Scientific Trainings (????) , At the End of the
Day , are ..
A Signal-to-Noise Problem Judgement
Differentiation
???????????
30
Science has only One Command Contributions !
Bertolt Brechts Galileo
????????,???? !? ???? -- ????