Yassine Fall

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Yassine Fall

• Senior Economic Advisor, UNIFEM
• Senior Policy Advisor, Millennium Project

ENAP, June / 2005
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Gender inequality

• Gender inequality is about unequal rights for
  power control between women and men
• Within every unit, that of family, community, the
  weakest and most vulnerable are women and girl
  children
• Gender inequality is lack of access to and
  control over resources, opinion, protection,
  shelter, skills, learning and overall development

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Racial Discrimination

• A violation of all forms of human rights
  principles and internationally agreed legal
  instruments
• Generates lack of opportunity, exclusion lack of
  access to national resources and assets and
  inequitable budget allocation
• Increased burden of care and least rights for
  women

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Poverty

• Poverty beyond low income and consume
• Includes exclusion, lack of rights and choices.
• Affects women and men differently because of
  their societal roles, practical and strategic
  needs.
• Exacerbates gender inequality and vice versa,
• fosters unbalanced rights and obligations

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Gender, Race and Poverty

• Combined gender and racial discrimination
  aggravate poverty
• Poverty analysis in racially discriminated, class
  or ethnic divided society cannot be analyzed
  outside those social factors
• Race analysis of poverty is sine qua non
  conditions for policy needs assessment or
  planning poverty interventions.

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Macroeconomics

• Macroeconomics studies the behavior of eco agents
  like households, enterprises and the state and
  how decisions or changes in their behavior
  influence each other or the market.
• Macroeconomics is not gender or race neutral,
  each changes influence households and men and
  women inside households differently.

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A macro model Y C G I (X-M)

• Y National Income, GDP, measument of the value
  of economic activity
• C Consumption
• G Government Expenditure
• I Private Sector Investment
• X Exports
• M Imports
• Ignores social reproduction!!!!

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Gender and Racial InequalitiesY C I G
(X-M) (WWR)

• W unaccounted for Care work
• WR Unaccounted for Care work from racially
  discriminated groups
• Y analyzed from point of public policy point of
  view
• Taxation, social reproductive tax
• Expenditure, social substitution

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Gender and Racial InequalitiesY C I G
(X-M) (WWR)

• What happens to poor women farmers food producers
  and processors?
• when G is reduced with cuts in rural subsidies
  (farm inputs, farm Implants, extension workers,
  training, land title with no means to exploit?
• What happens to local domestic producers and
  market?

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Gender and Racial InequalitiesY C I G
(X-M) (WWR)

• What happens when Government has to
• keep public expenditure down or prioritize in
  budget allocation?
• Women and mens care work?
• Funding Gender based violence
• Reproductive health
• Employment?
• Freedom to choose?
• Participation Representation

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Gender and Racial InequalitiesY C I G
(X-M) (WWR)

• What happens when racial equity is not integrated
  into public policy?
• What happens poverty resource allocation is
  considered racially blind, given that it is
  supposed to cater for all poor?
• What happens when institutions that ensure that
  racial equity and gender equality are not in
  placed or not empowered?

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MDG1, MDG3, MDG8

• Recommendations of Task Forces on
• Poverty and economic Development
• Gender equality and empowerment of women
• Global Partnership AID, TRADE, DEBT

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CYCLE OF AID, DEBT, TRADE
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Looking at the big Picture Circular Flow of
Resources..
Foreign Sector
Wage payment
Exports revenues
Imports payments
Private Sector
Labor supply
Households
Consumer demand
Consumer goods
Credit
Credit
Household savings
Investment savings
Government
expenditures
Financial Institutions
Taxes from households
Taxes from firms
Borrowing
Repaying
provision of
Government
Government
social
services
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Circular Flow and market led Resource Allocation
Foreign banks
ForeignMark
Exports revenues
Wages
Imports payments
Gender distribution of labor
Private Sector
Households
Consumer demand
Consumer goods
Credit
Credit
Household savings
savings
Government
Financial Institutions
Taxes from households
Investments
Taxes from firms
private sector
Borrowing
Repaying
provision of
Government
Government
in foreign
social
services
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Trade Liberalization

• Removal Tariffs and
• Loss of corporate and export taxes by Gt.
• Removal of subsidies
• Privatization of land and utilities with its
  corollary cost recovery
• Commodification of agriculture
• Removal of labor laws for workers rights and
  decent work to accomodate EPZ

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Adam Smith on TRADE in the Wealth of Nations II
said

• Were those high duties and prohibitions taken
  away all at once, cheaper foreign goods of the
  same kind might be poured so fast into the home
  market as to deprive all at once many thousands
  of our people of their ordinary employment and
  means of subsistence. The disorder which this
  would occasion might no doubt be very
  considerable.

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Fredrich List, in National System of Political
Economy

• free trade is the policy of the strong
• Because every industrialized nation has pursued
  trade protection for its infant industries, Once
  they grow strong enough to withstand
  international competition they lower their trade
  barriers and ask others to do the same.

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GOAL8 AID, Trade, Debt

• Revisit unjust trade regime
• Debt cancellation is a must
• Untied aid is non negotiable
• justice in global trade is also critical for
  increased resources for poverty elimination

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LT Benefits of FDI and Trade

• What happens to other variables when too much
  emphasis is put on I (X-M)???in the Y C G
  I (X-M) W
• When will it ever trickle down?
• To Poverty?
• Gender equality?
• Development?

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Scaling up interventions

• Addressing Racial and Gender inequality
• Human rights
• Social investment
• Stronger Public Sector
• Domestic private sector empowered
• Land titles and deeds for landless Poor farmers

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Scaling up interventions

• Only a strong public sector can ensure
  implementation of Task Force MP recommendations
• Responses to absorptive Capacity
• Citizens Policing of Poverty Fund through
  Participation and representation
• Public-Community Partnership

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Scaling up interventions

• Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment as unique
  alternative for successful MDGs Outcomes
• Enabling Women to enjoy their human rights and
  implementing TF3 rec
• Building a representative multi level leadership
• Enabling citizens, women to develop
  accountability systems

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Gender/Racial Equality Needs Assessment

• Assessment of gender and racially related
  economic and social inequalities, with particular
  attention to country selected focus sectors
• Estimation of resources needed to implement
  comprehensive gender and racial equality-related
  interventions across multiple sectors
• Advocacy tool to ensure monitoring by
  beneficiaries that appropriate gender and racial
  equality-related interventions are included and
  budgeted for across all other sectors

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Benchmarks for integrating gender equality in
needs assessment
1 Population identification
2 Sector Analysis.
Human Rights Representation Participation
Cost Benefit
3 Interventions and policy instruments
4 Implementation
5. Monitoring
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Is there genuine Participation?

• Participation refers here to playing a catalytic
  and innovative role providing substantive content
  in developing analysis, identifying priority
  needs and partners, implementing actions,
  monitoring outcomes and developing advocacy
  approaches and language.
• In all stages of needs assessment It would be
  critical to articulate the way in which
  different groups, women and men and other social
  groups are making a difference in moving the
  process forward in setting the national and local
  MDG agenda.

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Is there genuine Representation?

• Are social groups differentiated by gender, race,
  age , region, social status identified by
  different stakeholders like Parliamentarian,
  kilombolas and kilombolos, Government, women and
  men NGO, human rights groups, people living with
  disabilities, network of people living with HIV,
  etc?
• Are there skills building activities for those
  who need to be brought up to speed on MDG?
• What kind of information is being provided to
  them?
• Are they proportionally represented at all levels
  including stakeholder meeting, sector working
  groups, team of consultant, advocacy and
  campaigning?
• Are their concerns being genuinely included in
  all priority sectors and in the final report and
  identified programs?
• Do they feel their expectation of representation
  are being met, why or why not?

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Cost

• Human, time and work burden as cost
• Financial cost
• Material
• How to factor in unpaid work in Household
  contribution?
• Who should pay or not pay?
• What kind of tax system is more appropriate to
  empower women and the poorest?

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Benefits

• Gender Equality in budget allocation
• Employment benefits and empowerment of women
• Identification of hidden gender interventions
• Advocacy pushing the MDG envelope

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Stages of needs assessment
Institutions (Gov, HH, NGO), Stakeholder-
gender, Regional division, social condition,
Age, etc.
What contribution Does each make in Provision
of services in focus sector
Identify Gender Equality, synergies and cross
linkages between sectors
Estimate resource Needs and costs



Investment Model who pays? Under what
conditions? Household contribution and cost
recovery from who?
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Multiple Dimensions of Analysis
  Health Lands/housing Water/Sanitation Environment Education Energy Hunger Macroecon
Household Community, Government, Intern. Institutions, NGOs ? Voluntary slums work Collection, household use Forest pdcts Pre- school care and education energy provision for hh needs Food production, processing, nutrition Time and work burden
Provision of services Care to HIV sufferers Family farm Sanitation maintenance Collection for food, medicine Pre- school care and education energy provision for hh needs Food production, processing, nutrition Time and work burden
Resources Human, Material and /or Financial User fee Funds mobiliz User fees         Cost recovery
Resources Human, Material and /or Financial User fee Poor Mngmt comitee         Gender budget
Resources Human, Material and /or Financial User fee             Taxation
Management Decision Committees            
Management Comitte Committees            
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Gender equality in sectors and Gender-specific
interventions
Sector-specific Interventions to reach women
Awareness Sensitization and Training Subsidies Prevention of violence Systemic Issues
Gender and racial Equality-related Interventions
Total Gender Racial Equality/ Human Rights
-related Needs
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Investment Model addresses three Sources of
Funding

• Government Expenditures on the MDGs are
  provisionally assumed can be increased by 4
  percent of GDP from now to 2015
• Household contributions from poorest groups
  should be assessed on the basis of
• Extreme low level of income of the poorest users
  ability to pay
• poor womens time and work burden in provision of
  social services
• the negative incentive effect of user fees in
  essential services
• In kind contribution of users
• 3. External finance is required to close the
  financing