Land Navigation for Ground Team Leaders

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Land Navigation for Ground Team Leaders

• Developed as part of the National Emergency
  Services Curriculum Project

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What are your responsibilities?

• Team Leaders are responsible for knowing the ins
  and outs of the maps of their area
• Team members only know basic field work normally

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What are maps?

• A 2 dimensional representation of a 3 dimensional
  area.
• A tool
• A universal reference that can aid teams in
  coordination.

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Topographic Map
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Longitude
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Latitude
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Latitude and Longitude Examples
When reporting a position, give latitude first
and then longitude.
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Gridded Maps

• Read Right, then Up
• Typically metric examples, but are often used
  with overlays as well
• Give location with varying numerical accuracy.

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Sample Map Grid
These lines form small squares 1,000 meters on
each side called grid squares. The lines that
form grid squares are numbered along the outside
edge of the map picture. No two grid squares
will have the same number.
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Four Digit Accuracy
The precision of a point location is shown by the
number of digits in the coordinates. 0512 a
1000 meter grid.
Always begin your reading from the southwest
corner.
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Grid Squares

• Grid 0512 gives you the general neighborhood but
  there is a lot of ground inside that grid square.

• By adding another number to the first half and
  another number to the other half your address has
  six numbers instead of four.
• The other two numbers will take the accuracy of
  your address from 1000 meters to 100 meters.

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Grid Squares Continued

• To get those extra numbers- pretend that each
  grid square has 10 extra lines running both
  north-south and east-west. This makes 100 smaller
  squares.

• You can estimate where these other imaginary
  lines are.

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Six Digit Accuracy
By imagining another grid inside again- you could
actually take the address another two digits- or
to a ten meter grid.
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The CAP Grid System
That would put the airplane in grid 83 D. You
could also break the grid D into quarters and
have 83 D AA, BB, CC, and DD.
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Magnetic Variation the Declination Diagram

• Compasses are affected by iron ore deposits
  throughout the earth, causing them not to point
  at true north, but at magnetic north instead

• This variation is known, and maps show the
  corrections to be made in the form of the
  declination diagram

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Lines of Magnetic Variation
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Sometimes the G-M angle is so little you wont
have to worry about it.
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Declination Diagrams
The difference in degrees for every map between
grid north and magnetic north is shown at the
bottom of the map.
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Map Scale
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Figuring Distance Cont.

• Suppose you want to find the distance between
  point A and point B around a curve in the road.
• Take a piece of paper and put a tic mark on it.
  Place the tic mark at point A. Align the paper
  with the road edge until you come to the first
  curve in the road, make another mark on the paper
  and the map, and then pivot the paper so it
  continues to follow the road edge. Keep
  repeating until you reach point B. Always follow
  the road edge with your paper.

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Sample Map Symbols
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Map Symbols Continued
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Map Symbols Continued
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The 3 Dimensional Model
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Terrain Features Continued
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Terrain Features Continued
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Map Orientation
A map can be oriented by terrain association when
a compass is not available or when the user has
to make many quick references as he moves across
country.
Using this method requires careful examination of
the map and the ground,and the user must know his
approximate location.
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Using your Map with your Compass

• Field to Map
• Map to Field
• Triangulation
• Aiming Off
• The Polar Plot

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Field to Map
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Field to Map Continued
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Field to Map Continued
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Map to Field
Orient your map to north and place your compass
on the map with the edge (as shown) along the
desired line of travel.
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Map to Field Continued
Turn the compass Dial until N points to the
North on your map. Your direction in degrees is
read at the Index Line on the Dial.
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Map to Field Continued
Remove the compass from the map and hold it
level, so the Magnetic Needle is free to turn.
Turn your body until the red end of the Needle
aligns with the Orienting Arrow and N on the
Dial. Using the Direction of Travel Arrow, sight
a distant landmark and move to it. Repeat this
process until you reach your destination.
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Triangulation

• Suppose you want to know the location of a
  certain object which you can see in the distance
  but is not on your map.

• First shoot the azimuth to the object you can see
  from your position.
• Draw a line on your map from your location out
  along the grid azimuth. The location of the
  object is somewhere on that line- but where?

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Triangulation Continued

• To find out- move yourself to a different
  location where you can still observe the object
  and shoot an azimuth to it.

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Triangulation Continued

• Convert the azimuth from magnetic to grid and
  draw it on the map. The object is where the
  lines intersect.

You can also triangulate ELT signals by taking
azimuths from DF signals to estimate the location
of an ELT.
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Triangulation Continued
By reversing the azimuths- you can triangulate
back from objects to assist in finding your
location on a map.
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Triangulation Continued
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Triangulation Continued
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Triangulation Continued
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Aiming Off

• Sometimes while heading for a target along a
  road, stream, ridge, or other landmark, it is
  better to plot an azimuth to the left or right of
  the target instead of directly towards it.

• Because of normal drift from terrain or compass
  variation it is easy to be slightly off from a
  small target.
• By aiming left (or right) you know what direction
  to begin searching for your target when you hit
  the stream- search to the right.

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Aiming Off Continued
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Polar Plot

• A method of plotting or locating an unknown
  position from a known point by giving a direction
  and a distance along that direction line is
  called a polar plot.
• Three elements must be present when using polar
  coordinates.
• 1. Present known location on the map
• 2. Azimuth (grid or magnetic)
• 3. Distance (normally yards or meters)

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Polar Plot
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Orientating a Map

• The first step for a navigator in the field is
  orienting the map. A map is oriented when it is
  in a horizontal position with its north and south
  corresponding to the north and south on the
  ground.

• When orienting a map with a compass, remember
  that the compass measures magnetic azimuths.
  Since the magnetic arrow points to magnetic
  north, pay special attention to the declination
  diagram.

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Orientation with compass
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Orientate a map to ground by terrain association

• A map is orientated when it is in a horizontal
  position with its north and south corresponding
  to the north and south on the ground.
• Look at the map and find two terrain features
  that can also be seen looking around (hilltops,
  saddles, ridges, towers, etc.)

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Orientate a map to ground by terrain association
cont.

• By aligning terrain features on the map with the
  same terrain features on the ground- the map is
  orientated.
• Check orientations obtained by this method to
  keep from having it in the wrong direction (180
  degrees out). This can be avoided by aligning
  two or more features.

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Vehicle Navigation

• The principles of land navigation while mounted
  are basically the same as while dismounted.
• The major difference is the speed of travel.
  Walking between two points may take one hour, but
  riding the same distance may only take 15
  minutes.
• To be effective at mounted land navigation, the
  travel speed must be considered.

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Navigator

• The duties of a navigator are so important and
  exacting that he/she should not be given any
  other duties. The leader should never try to be
  the navigator, since his normal responsibilities
  are heavy, and one or the other job would suffer.

• The navigator must gather all the equipment that
  will help him/her perform his job (maps, pencils,
  and so forth). He/she must do this before the
  mission starts.

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Navigator Continued

• During movement, the navigator must make sure
  that the correct direction and distance are
  recorded and followed. Grid coordinates or road
  locations must be recorded and plotted.
• The TL normally selects the route that he desires
  to use. The navigator is responsible for
  following that route.

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Land Navigation Tasks for Ground Team Leaders

• O-0204 Locate A Point On A Map Using Latitude
  And Longitude
• O-0205 Locate A Point On A Map Using The CAP
  Grid System
• O-0206 Locate A Point On A Map Using A Grid
  Coordinate Overlay
• O-0207 Locate A Point On A Map Using A Polar
  Plot From A Terrain Feature

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Land Navigation Tasks for Ground Team Leaders

• O-0208 Identify The Major Terrain Features On
  A Map
• O-0209 Identify Topographic Symbols On A Map
• O-0210 Determine Elevation On Map
• O-0211 Measure Distance On A Map
• O-0212 Convert Between Map And Compass Azimuths

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Land Navigation Tasks for Ground Team Leaders

• O-0213 Determine And Plot An Azimuth On A Map
• O-0214 Determine Azimuths On A Map Using Two
  Points
• O-0215 Orient A Map To The Ground Using Terrain
  Association
• O-0216 Orient A Map To North Using A Compass

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Land Navigation Tasks for Ground Team Leaders

• O-0217 Locate Own Position On A Map Using
  Terrain Association
• O-0218 Move To A Point Using Linear Offset
• O-0219 Move From Point To Point In A Vehicle
  Using A Map

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References
FM 3-25.26 Land Navigation GTA 05 -02 013 How To
Avoid Getting Lost Silva Easy as 1-2-3 NGSAR
Manual
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QUESTIONS?
THINK SAFETY!