Rocky%20Intertidal%20Zone%20Community

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Rocky Intertidal Zone Community
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Intertidal Zone

• Area of the shore between the highest high
  tide and lowest low tide

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Mixed Semi-diurnal Tidal Regime

• Two tides per day
• Tidal heights not equal

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neap
spring
spring
Full
Half
New
Half
Zero datum
(MLLW)
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Position on Shore
A
B
C
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Physical Factors Affecting DistributionsPhysical
Tolerances

• Temperature (average and extreme)
• Moisture/Desiccation
• Light
• Gasses (respiration)
• Wave shock
• Sand scouring

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Biological FactorsBiological Interactions

• Predation
• Grazing
• Competition
• Symbioses

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Summary

• Upper distributions of intertidal organisms tend
  to be determined by physical factors tolerances
• Lower distributions of intertidal organisms tend
  to be determined by biological interactions

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Intertidal Zonation
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Factors Affecting Height of the Intertidal Zone

• Slope of the shore
• Wave exposure
• Local geomorphology
• Tidal flux

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Behavioral Adaptations
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Morphological Adaptations

• Color
• Shells

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Physiological Adaptations

• Quiescence
• Acclimation
• Anaerobic Respiration/O2 Debt
• Aerial Respiration

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Latitudinal Submergence
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Biological Factors

• Competition
• Predation
• Symbioses

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J. Connell

• Competition between
• Balanus balanoides and
• Chthamalus stellatus

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Chthamalus stellatus
Balanus balanoides
DISTRIBUTIONS
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Chthamalus
Transplant
Balanus
Transplant
TRANSPLANT ADULTS
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Transplant adults

• Both Chthalamus and Balanus survive

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Chthamalus
Clearance
BEFORE
Balanus
Clearance
CLEARANCE EXPERIMENTS
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Chthamalus
Clearance
RESULTS
Balanus
Clearance
CLEARANCE EXPERIMENTS
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Clear both Balanus and Chthalamus

• Both Chthalamus and Balanus recolonize

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Chthamalus
Clearance
Chthamalus removed
CONTINUOUS REMOVAL AND CONTROLS
Balanus
Clearance
Chthamalus removed
CLEARANCE EXPERIMENTS
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Continuous removal of Chthalamus from both heights

• Ex. Balanus recolonizes and Chthalamus does not
• C. Both species recolonize
• Chthamalus has no effect on Balanus in lower zone

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Chthamalus
Clearance
Balanus removed
CONTINUOUS REMOVAL AND CONTROLS
Balanus
Clearance
Balanus removed
CLEARANCE EXPERIMENTS
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Continuous removal of Balanus from both heights

• Ex. Chthalamus colonizes in Balanus zone
• C. Both species recolonize zones
• Balanus cannot survive in upper zone
• Chthamalus can survive in lower zone in the
  absence of Balanus

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Chthamalus stellatus
Balanus balanoides
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Chthamalus
Clearance
Balanus
Clearance
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Conclusions

• Balanus exclusion determines lower distribution
  bound for Chthamalus
• Competitive interaction responsible
• Exclusion mechanism is crushing
• Upper distribution of Balanus determined by
  physical tolerance

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R. Paine

• Predation by Pisaster ochraceus on Mytilus
  californianus

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Mytilus californianus
Algae
Pisaster ochraceus
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Remove Pisaster No
removal
BEFORE
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Remove Pisaster No removal
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Remove Pisaster No
removal
AFTER
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Conclusions

• Pisaster determines the lower distribution bound
  of Mytilus by predation
• The upper limit of Mytilus distribution
  determined by physical tolerances