Response of organisms to heterogeneity.

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Response of organisms to heterogeneity.
Jonathan Bossenbroek, PhD Environmental Sciences
Dept. Lake Erie Center University of Toledo
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Landscape heterogeneity

• Definition
• The environment has pattern and the configuration
  and composition effect the processes within an
  ecological system
• What does heterogeneity effect?
• Abundance
• Distribution of resources
• Flow of nutrients, water, carbon
• Movement of organisms

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Outline

• Why do organisms move?
• Quantifying local movement patterns
• Influence of body size and landscape
  heterogeneity
• Example Beetles in grasslands.
• Dispersal of organisms
• Introduction to different model types.
• Example Regional dispersal Zebra mussels on
  boats.

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What types of movement does your average college
student make?

• Local
• Class, food, social, apartment, etc.
• Migration
• To and from parents house for holidays, summer.
• Vacation
• Dispersal
• Leave home for good, find a job.

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What path do you take from Bowman-Oddy to
RecCenter?
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Types of Movement of Organisms

• Local
• Foraging, mating, shelter
• Migration birds or elk
• synchronized, directional mass movement of
  individuals
• Dispersal
• nonsynchronized, non-directional movement of
  individuals

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GPS relocations and route of an alpha female wolf
at Camp Ripley, from 3/31 - 7/9/97 locations
once per 4 hours.
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Dispersal route of a male wolf from Camp Ripley,
from 3/2 - 7/27/98 locations once per 3 hours.
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How do animals move locally?

• Random walk?

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• Correlated random walk?
• The direction and distance are correlated to
  previous movements.
• Here strongly correlated walk.

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How is local movement affected by heterogeneous
landscapes?

• Example
• Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes an
  experiment with Eleodes beetles in shortgrass
  prairie.
• By Crist, Guertin, Wiens and Milne

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• What were the basic questions?
• What is the effect of patch structure on animal
  movement?
• Is organism response scale-dependent?

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• Methods
• 3 species
• 3 habitat types based on grazing intensity
• Beetle paths
• Followed beetles for 100 time steps (5 sec steps)
  
• Marked location after every 5 seconds.
• Mapped in a GIS

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• Quantifying paths
• Mean step length
• Mean turning angle
• Mean vector length
• Net displacement
• Fractal dimension

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes
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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• Cover type matters for net displacement.

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• Grazing matters for some species.

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Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes

• Conclusions
• Beetle movement affected at 2 different scales.
• Vegetation type and grazing treatment
• Movement of patterns showed self-similarity
  across these scales.

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Outline

• Why do organisms move?
• Quantifying local movement patterns
• Influence of body size and landscape
  heterogeneity
• Example Beetles in grasslands.
• Dispersal of organisms
• Introduction to different model types.
• Example Regional dispersal Zebra mussels on
  boats.

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Dispersal

• Why?
• Home can be a dangerous place
• Dispersal as escape and discovery
• exploratory (mobile) discovery
• nonexploratory (sessile) discovery propagules

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Why do species disperse?

• Balance between
• Staying put in a suitable habitat with the small
  probability of out competing others and
  reproducing.
• Taking off with the low probability of landing
  somewhere else that is suitable and then
  reproducing.

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Dispersal

• Passive dispersal by an active agent
• seeds, fruits
• phoresey beetles mites, remoras sharks
• Invasive species
• Zebra mussels by boats
• Emerald ash borer by moving fire wood

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Types of Dispersal

• Diffusion
• Gradual movement of a population across
  hospitable terrain
• Jump dispersal
• Movement across large distances usually across
  uninhabitable terrain.
• Human-mediated

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Invasion Biology

• What is an invasive species?
• A non-native species that was released (on
  purpose or accidentally) and is affecting the
  environment or economy in a negative manner.
• Sometimes called introduced species.
• Usually an invasive species is one that is
  causing harm.
• Other terms, nuisance, non-native,
  non-indigenous,

Suggested reading The Ecology of Invasions by
Animals and Plants by C.S. Elton
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Invasion Process
Source Region of Species
Pathway quantification
Transport/Survival in Pathway
Statistical Population models
Establishment
Dispersal/population models
Abundance??Spread
Statistical models
Impact
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The spatial spread of invasions new development
in theory and evidence.

• By Hastings et al.
• Goal of paper
• Review of spread of invasives both empirical and
  theoretical.

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Main types of models

• Fisher model (1937)
• Predicts an asymptotic rate of spread
• Diffusion equation (Skellam 1951)
• Predicts a linear rate of spread
• Stratified-diffusion (Shigesada 1995)
• Predicts an exponential rate of spread
• All these models assume homogenous environments.

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Diffusion

• Based on gas laws
• Individual molecules moving in random directions
  and colliding with other molecules.
• Results in spread in all directions at linear
  rate.

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General properties of these spread models

• Use of dispersal kernels
• The probability that an individual born at
  location y produces an offspring that starts life
  at location x.

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Spread of muskrat after reintroduction in 1905
Spread of invading organisms - DA Andow, PM
Kareiva, SA Levin, A Okubo - Landscape Ecology,
1990
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Spread of muskrat after reintroduction in 1905

• Muskrat spread fit with linear model predicted by
  diffusion models.
• What happens in heterogeneous environments?

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Spread between lakes
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Assessing the dispersal potential of zebra
mussels Evaluating the ecological and economic
value of the 100th Meridian Initiative

• Jonathan M. Bossenbroek, Ph.D.

University of Toledo Lake Erie Center Dept. of
Earth, Ecological and Env. Sciences
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100th Meridian initiative
Columbia River Basin
Colorado River Basin
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Assessing the Potential Impacts of Zebra Mussels

• Background on Zebra Mussels
• Spread
• Impacts
• Environmental
• Economic
• Dispersal
• Human-mediated
• Natural

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Assessing the Potential Impacts of Zebra Mussels

• Background on Zebra Mussels
• Spread
• Impacts
• Environmental
• Economic
• Dispersal
• Human-mediated
• Natural

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1988
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1989
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1990
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1991
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1992
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1993
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2003
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NEWS RELEASE WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND
WILDLIFE 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia,
Washington 98501-1091 Internet Address
http//wdfw.wa.gov May 25, 2004 Contact Pam
Meacham, 360-902-2741 Or Mike
Whorton, 509-456-3182 Zebra mussels discovered
at Washington-Idaho border SPOKANE Zebra
mussels, invasive species that could harm
Washington fish and wildlife and damage
hydroelectric dams and public water systems, were
discovered this month on a large boat being
trailered cross-country by commercial vehicle,
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
(WDFW) reported today. Despite the successful
discovery at the Washington-Idaho border, WDFW
officials are concerned that zebra mussels could
be slipping in on smaller boats that are not
required to stop at highway weigh stations.
Zebra mussels, fingernail-size freshwater
mollusks native to the Black, Caspian and Aral
Seas, were first introduced to the Great Lakes in
1986 in the ballast water of transoceanic ships.
They can spread quickly, altering entire
ecosystems of some waters by smothering native
mussels and consuming food sources of other fish
and wildlife.
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• Date 06/08/04
• Contact Geoffrey Schneider
• Phone [phone]
• MENACING MOLLUSKS DISCOVERED ON A HOUSEBOAT AT
  LAKE MEADBy Rory Aikens, Arizona Game Fish
  Department
• Zebra mussels, which have been devastating in
  the Great Lakes, were discovered on a 54-foot
  houseboat from Kentucky that was attempting to
  launch at Temple Bar on Lake Mead over the
  Memorial Day holiday weekend. The marina is
  located on the shoreline of Temple Basin on the
  Arizona side of the lake.
• Arizona and Nevada wildlife officials say the
  zebra mussel discovery highlights the need for
  all boaters to be vigilant and conscientious when
  taking their crafts from one waterway to another,
  even when its within the state.

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January 2007
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Assessing the Potential Impacts of Zebra Mussels

• Background on Zebra Mussels
• Spread
• Impacts
• Environmental
• Economic
• Dispersal
• Human-mediated
• Natural

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Zebra Mussel Basics

• Small bi-valve
• Not like native clams
• Attaches to things
• Origin Ponto-Caspian sea region
• Very high reproductive rates.
• Over 40,000 eggs can be laid in a reproductive
  cycle and up to one million in a spawning season
• Filter feeders

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Mussel Beach
Courtesy of Dr. Clifford Kraft
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Ecological Impacts
Courtesy of Dr. Clifford Kraft
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Economic Impacts
Courtesy of Dr. Clifford Kraft
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Potential Impacts in Columbia River

• Columbia River Basin
• 67 municipalities
• Fish passage facilities
• 39 BOR projects
• 72 dams, dikes and diversions
• 4,700 miles of canals
• Grand Coulee Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam
  in North America
• Twelve of the worlds largest pumps remove water
  from the Franklin Delano Roosevelt reservoir

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Assessing the Potential Impacts of Zebra Mussels

• Background on Zebra Mussels
• Spread
• Impacts
• Environmental
• Economic
• Dispersal
• Human-mediated
• Natural

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Dispersal

• Zebra mussel spread from 1986 to present
• Patterns of Invasion
• Long-distance Dispersal
• Importance of Navigable Waterways
• Gravity Models
• Spread via diffusion
• Importance of streams

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2004 Distribution
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1993 Distribution
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1993 Distribution 2004 Distribution
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Spread along rivers
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Inland Lake Distance to Great Lakes
2400
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Inland Lake Distance to 1993 Distribution
1700
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Inland lake infestation rates
From Johnson, Bossenbroek Kraft. 2006
Biological Invasions
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Inland lake infestation rates
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3 Possible Explanations

• Outreach
• Zebra mussel fatigue
• Decreasing probabilities of new infestations

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Dispersal

• Zebra mussel spread from 1986 to present
• Patterns of Invasion
• Long-distance Dispersal
• Importance of Navigable Waterways
• Gravity Models
• Spread via diffusion
• Importance of streams

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Modes of Dispersal

• Shipping
• Recreational Boating
• Natural Dispersal downstream

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Navigable Waterways
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Navigable Waterways
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What about inland lakes?

• Diffusion models do not work.
• See Buchan and Padilla 1998 Eco. Appl.

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Gravity Models primary spread from the Great
Lakes
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United States Gravity Model

• Basic Information -
• Based on 210 Watersheds
• Used a GIS to calculate distance
• Sum lake area/watershed
• Estimate of boaters/watershed
• Primary Question
• How many boaters from areas with zebra mussels
  are traveling to western waters?

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United States Gravity Model
From Bossenbroek et al. 2007 to Conservation
Biology
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From Bossenbroek et al. 2007 Conservation Biology
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Dispersal

• Zebra mussel spread from 1986 to present
• Patterns of Invasion
• Long-distance Dispersal
• Importance of Navigable Waterways
• Gravity Models
• Spread via diffusion
• Importance of streams

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Secondary spread in lake-stream systems
From Bobeldyk, Bossenbroek, Evans-White, Lodge
Lamberti. 2005 Ecoscience
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Secondary spread questions

• How does abundance of zebra mussels change with
  time and distance from source lake?
• Are connectedness and downstream distance both
  important in predicting whether a lake will be
  invaded?

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Secondary spread predictions

• How does abundance of zebra mussels change with
  time and distance from source lake?

Abundance
Distance
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Secondary spread predictions

• Are connectedness and downstream distance both
  important in predicting whether a lake will be
  invaded?

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Abundance in outflow streams
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Secondary spread of zebra mussels

• Is connectedness important?
• Identified all lakes within 1 km of invaded
  lakes.
• Categorized each lakes as
• Invaded or uninvaded
• Not connected or connected
• Upstream or downstream

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Secondary spread of zebra mussels

• Is distance from source lake important?
• Categorized outflow of each invade lake as
• Outflow to large river or Great Lake
• No outflow or wetland
• Outflow to another inland lake
• Calculated stream distance to next inland lake
• Determined if next lake was invaded or
  non-invaded.

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Importance of connectedness

• 295 invaded inland lakes
• 194 lakes within 1 km of invaded lake

Lake Category Total Proportion with zebra mussels
All 194 32
Not Connected 84 7
Upstream 70 33
Downstream 43 79
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Distance from invaded lakes
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Secondary spread results

• How does abundance of zebra mussels change with
  time and distance from source lake?
• Zebra mussel abundance declines with distance in
  streams
• Are connectedness and downstream distance both
  important in predicting whether a lake will be
  invaded?
• Distance and connectedness are important

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Conclusions

• Dispersal of zebra mussels has resulted from
• Shipping pathways
• Recreational Boating
• Downstream spread via stream flow.
• Which is most important?
• Shipping early invasion
• Boating and downstream later invasion

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Response of organisms to heterogeneity.

• Movement includes local movements, migration and
  dispersal.
• Landscape heterogeneity affects all these types
  of movements.
• Many types of models have been deveoloped to
  examine spread rates
• Know your data, know your system.