Title: CARDINAL%20SURVEYS%20COMPANY
1CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
2CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
If you dont know where its going, its a
disposal, not a flood.
3Injection Profiles - Why?
- Determine where fluids are going.
- Check mechanical integrity of well bore.
- Verify conformance to formation porosity.
- Locate channels.
- Check perforations.
- Check fill.
- Find scale and build-up.
- Discover holes or unreported perforations.
4Injection Profiles - Objectives
- SAFELY
- Accurate and Quantative
- Detect Mechanical Problems
- Detect Channels
- Minimize Risk to Well
- Perform economically without sacrificing quality.
5Injection Profile Log - Components
- Radioactive Tracers
- Spinner Logs
- Temperature Logs
- Caliper Logs
- Collar Logs
6Injection Profile Log - Logs
- Injecting Temperature Log
- Two Radioactive Tracer Logs
- The Intensity Profile
- Series of Stationary Velocity Measurements
- Channel Checks
- Packer Check
- Shut-In Temperature Logs
- Cross-Flow Checks
- Caliper Log
7Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Review well records.
- Prepare a wellbore diagram
- Current condition of the well.
- Significant past factors and changes.
- Well bore equipment (depths, i.d.)
- Casing, liners, tubing, packer(s), plugs, casing
shoe(s). - Downhole control valves (mandrels).
8Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Well configuration
- Perforations.
- Open hole intervals.
- Plugged or squeezed zones
- Known thief zones, channels, and other known
areas of possible fluid loss should be indicated. - Well head
- Height.
- Connection required.
9Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Unusual conditions
- Remote injection control valves.
- High pressures (above 2000 PSI).
- Safety hazards (hydrogen sulfide).
- Restrictions or modifications to normal
procedures.
10Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Lease and well data
- Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
- Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
- Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
collar log). - Previous profile(s).
11Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Additional equipment
- Breathing apparatus.
- H2S monitors.
- Fluid containment systems.
12Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Preparation of the well for survey
- Tubing or tail pipe 50' above the top perforation
or shoe. - Full opening valve.
- Stable rate 48 hours.
- Slick line sinker bar run and T.D. check.
- Rate meter and pressure gauge.
- Install crown valve
- Test valves and tree.
13Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator
- Information needed at the well site
- Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
- Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
- Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
collar log). - Well diagrams.
- Previous profile(s).
- MSDS as required.
- Well history and recent workovers.
14Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company
- Proper pressure control equipment
- Wireline blow out preventer.
- Tool trap.
- Full-opening bleed off valve (2 in.).
- Pressure control head.
- Lubricator risers.
- (All equipment must be rated and tested to the
expected working pressure limit.) - Well head connections.
- Tool selection
- Tool size (smallest internal diameter in well.)
15Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company
- Tool configuration
- Collar locator.
- Radioactive ejector.
- Detector(s).
- Caliper.
- Temperature tool.
- Radio isotope
- Iodine (I-131), solution based on the type of
fluid being injected.
16Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company
- Documentation and information needed at the well
site - Company Safety Policy and Procedures manual.
- Material Safety Data sheets.
- Radiation License
- Document of Awareness (signed by Operator.)
- MSDS for service company products.
- Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
- Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
- Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
collar log). - Well diagrams.
- Previous profile(s).
- MSDS from operator as required.
17Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Up and Run
In
- Conduct pre job radiation level surveys.
- Install mast unit and lubricator.
- Load radioisotope ejector.
- Loaded with radioactive material according to
Cardinal Surveys Company Ejector Loading
Procedures. - Record tool serial numbers.
- Connect tracer survey tools.
18Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Up and Run
In
- Shut off injection.
- Follow LOCKOUT/TAGOUT procedures as required.
- Connect lubricator.
- Lower tools into well.
- Start and check injection rate.
- Record average reading and meter make and model.
19Logging Tools
- Scintillation Detector
- 16 to 24 radius of investigation
- Geiger Detector is 80 less sensetive.
- O-ring sealed Ejector Port
- Temperature Tool
- 0.1 to 0.25 degrees F resolution
20Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure
- Logging procedure
- Injecting temperature survey.
- Gamma-ray and collar log.
- Correlate to log provided.
- Gamma-ray base log.
- (Reduced sensitivity)
- Caliper survey.
21Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure
- Logging procedure
- Intensity profile.
- (One Slug of radioactive material.)
- Velocity profile.
- (Multiple stationary readings.)
- Downward channel check, if applicable.
- No Flow check, if applicable.
- Upward channel check (shoe or top perf.)
22Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure
- Logging procedure
- Packer check.
- Tubing drop shots.
- (Verifies meter rate.)
- Check injection rate and record.
- Shut-in temperature surveys as required.
- Crossflow checks.
- (Necessary to interpret Shut-in Temps.)
23Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Down
- Remove tools from the well and bring into
lubricator. - Shut well in.
- Rig down.
- Return the well to injection.
- Monitor injection rate and pressure.
- Report anomalies.
- Inspect well head, location, etc.
- Clean up. Report unsafe conditions or problems.
24Calculations and InterpretationsVolumetric Flow
Rates
- Volume PI x Dia2 / 4 L
- Volumetric Flow Vol / Time
Diameter
Length
25Calculations and InterpretationsApplication of
Volumetric Rates
- Tracer Elapsed Time Runs
- Stationary Velocities
- Spinner Flow Meters
- Tubing Drop Shots
- Crossflow Checks
- Production Log Velocities
26Calculations and InterpretationsCaliper Log -
Required!
- In standard 5 1/2 Casing
- A 1/4 buildup 11 Error!
- A 1 buildup 39 Error!
27Calculations and InterpretationsInjecting
Temperature Survey.
- First pass - Logging down (always) - First time
to tag up - The logging speed is 50-60 feet per minute.
- The well is logged once from 200 feet above the
injection packer to L.T.D. while the well is
injecting. - Note Due to diurnal-nocturnal temperature
variations of injection fluid, it may be
advantageous to defer the injecting temperature
survey until immediately prior to well shut in.
28Injection ProfilesExample Calculations
- I.D. 4.96
- Reaction Time 26.5 sec.
- Tool Spacing 5 ft.
29Injection ProfilesExample Calculations
- I.D. 4.96
- Reaction Time 26.5 sec.
- Tool Spacing 5 ft.
- Calculated velocity 0.189 ft/sec
- Calculated volumetric flow 0.0252 cu.ft./sec
- Flow 388 BPD
30Calculations and InterpretationsInjecting
Temperature Survey.
- Temperature surveys are always run down (going in
the hole). - The initial temperature survey should indicate
- Well total depth (when corrected to depth control
logs). - Possibility of fluid loss below L.T.D. (log total
depth), or bottom of injection loss. - Mechanical/well bore problems preventing movement
of tool. - Decision to proceed!
31Injection Temperature
32Calculations and InterpretationsCorrelation Log
- Gamma Ray and Collar Log
- For Depth Correlation Purposes
- Earlier / Original Logs Better
- Avoid Depth Creep
- Good Quality Copies
33Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile
- Tool configuration - one scintillation detector
located below the ejector. - Readings are made versus depth.
- Radioactive material is ejected ("slug") above
the perforated or open hole interval. - Tools lowered approx. 20 ft. below slug, and
logged through slug ("drag run").
34Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile
- Repeat and catch slug at frequency adequate to
determine fluid loss. - Slug logged at the constant speed.
- Repeat until slug stops moving or is lost to
formation. - Loss calculations from area under curve
35Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile
- Quantified loss profile
- Bottom of injection movement (or loss below
L.T.D.) - Possible channeling outside casing
- Possible holes in pipe or other mechanical
problems. - Independent of wellbore diameter changes.
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37Intensity Profile (Drag Run)
38Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots
- Data are recorded versus time. The tool string
remains stationary - Eject a burst of radioactive material ("slug").
- The transit time of the slug moving to the
detector is recorded. - Terminate and verify after 5 minutes.
- Repeat until zone is profiled.
39Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots
- No movement is a No Flow Slug
- Channel checks (upward and downward)
- 100 stations (normally three 100).
- Placed between the packer and the top perforation
or top of the open hole interval.
40Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots
- Channel checks - special velocity shots.
- Ejected into flow.
- Detector may be moved to locate or follow a
channel. - Downward channel check prior to No Flow.
41Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots
- Calculations of the percent loss are performed
using transit time between the ejector tool and
the gamma detector. - Calculations convert linear velocities into
volumetric flow rates in conjunction with caliper
data (well bore diameters).
42Velocity Shot Example
43Velocity Shot Example
Channel Check (No Channel Indicated)
44Calculations and InterpretationsTubing Drop
Shots
- In tubing above packer.
- Tool positioned ahead of slug 4 - 6 times.
- Velocity in tubing converted to volumetric flow
rate. - Used to verify injection rate.
45Calculations and InterpretationsShut In
Temperatures
- The number of runs and timing depends on well
conditions. - Well and lubricator MUST be fully sealed.
- Indicates long term storage of injected fluid
volumes. - Indicates external channels
- Radius of investigation - deep formation.
- Cross flow to verify fluid movement.
46- Temperature Logs can not distinguish between
events occurring inside, or outside the wellbore - Injection Temperatures show the bottoms of fluid
losses and major velocity changes - Shut-in Temperatures indicate the tops of events
and give a relative magnitude of fluid storage - Injecting and Shut-in logs merging indicate the
absolute bottom of fluid movement
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49Calculations and InterpretationsCrossflow Checks
- Multiple slugs across interval.
- Recorded vs. depth.
- Runs approx. 5 min.
- Crossflow quantified by slug peak movement vs.
time. - Top slug should not move.
- Good for very slow rate wells.
50Crossflow Check
51Injection Profiles - CO2
- CO2 Properties
- Unique Problems
- Special Procedures
- Logging Water vs. CO2
52Injection Profiles - CO2 CO2 Properties
- High energy gas
- Acidic in water
- Phase ???
- Heat capacity
- Density
53Injection Profiles - CO2Unique Problems
- Corrosive
- Seals and o-rings (lubricator and tools)
- Pressure (higher, expansion if released)
- Well head configuration (bleed, kill well?)
- Noise (electrical)
- Special tracer base material - personnel
- Well head - multiple lines (WAG)
54Injection Profiles - CO2 Special Procedures
- Safety - pressure control
- Personnel protection - radiation
- O-rings and seals - materials and maint.
- Time and speed (Slow Down!)
- Temperatures (Cold!)
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57CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
If you dont know where its going, its a
disposal, not a flood.
58CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
59