Things that make us smart Chapters 3

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Things that make us smart Chapters 3 4

• Notes on the thoughts of
• Don Norman

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Two kinds of cognition

• Experiential
• Reflective

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Three kinds of learning

• Accretion
• Tuning
• Restructuring

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Developing expertise

• 5000 hours to turn a novice into an expert

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• The trick is to marry the entertainment worlds
  skills at presentation and of capturing the
  users engagement with the educational skills of
  reflective, in-depth analysis
• Norman, page 39

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• teachers become assistants in the discovery of
  knowledge, guides to the exploration, reflection,
  and restructuring of the students understanding.

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Cognitive artifacts

• The cognitive age of humans started when we used
  sounds , gestures, and symbols to refer to
  objects, things, and concepts. The sound ,
  gesture, or symbol is not the thing itself
  rather, it stands for or refers to the thing It
  represents it.
• Norman, page 47

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Representational system

• Two essential ingredients
• The represented world
• The representing world

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The power of representation

• Representations are important because they allow
  us to work with events and things absent in time
  and space, or for that matter events and things
  that never existed
• Norman, Page 49

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Information Displays

• Two major tasks
• Finding the relevant information
• Computing the desired conclusion

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Representations

• Additive
• Substitutive

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Naturalness principle

• Experiential cognition is aided when the
  properties of the representation match the
  properties of the thing being represented.
• Norman, page 72

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Perceptual principle

• Perceptual and spatial representations are more
  natural and therefore to be preferred over
  non-perceptual, non-spatial representations, but
  only if the mapping between the representation
  and what it stands for is natural analogous to
  the real perceptual and spatial environment
• Norman, page 72

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• The power of cognitive artifacts derives from
  the power of representation.
• Norman,
  page 81

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Fitting the artifact to the person

• Surface representation
• Internal representation

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Surface representation

• what you see is all there is

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Science of design

• How shall information be represented to be of
  most use?

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Internal representation

• part of the information is represented
  internally, within the artifact, invisible to the
  user
• Norman, page 81

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• Internal artifacts need interfaces, some means
  of transforming the information hidden within
  their internal representations into surface forms
  that can be used.
• Norman, page 81.

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Appropriateness Principle

• The representation used by the artifact should
  provide exactly the information acceptable to the
  task neither more nor less.
• Norman, page
  97

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Key terms

• Artifacts
• Affordances

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Technologies have affordances

• Newspaper
• Television
• Voice messaging systems

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Grudins Law

• When those who benefit are not those who do the
  work, then the technology is likely to fail or,
  at least, be subverted.