By Savannah Neu

1
The Universe

• By Savannah Neu

2
Introduction

• The Universe is the summation of all particles
  and energy that exist and the space-time in
  which all events occur.
• A space-time is a four dimensional continuum
  with 4 coordinates, the 3 dimensions of space and
  that of be true, in which an event can be looked
  also called space-time continuum.
• The Big Bang cosmological theory is the theory
  which describes the evolution and origin of the
  universe.

• The word universe is derived from Old Greek
  univers and Latin universa, combining uni (or
  one) with versus (or turn), which is regarded to
  as all turned into one, revolving as one or
  orbiting as one.
• When referring to the moon as our moon or Earths
  moon, the Universe is used to restate our
  universe or the observable universe.
• The Universe the theoretical model of all
  connected space-time we live
• Universe Domain the observable or similar part
  of space-time
• Universe a general space-time
• Multiverse a set of disconnected space-times
• Multiverse Domain a model of an entire connected
  space-time, in the sense of chaotic inflammation
  models

3
The Big Bang

• The Big Bang is what cosmologists believe created
  all of the Universe. It is the dominant model in
  all of cosmology.
• It was a period of time when the universe changed
  from an extremely dense and hot state and
  underwent cosmic inflation that flattened out
  nearly all of the irregularities in the energy
  density.
• Afterwards, the universe expanded and became
  cooler and less dense.
• This event that occurred only lasted a few
  seconds, but it was the time when everything
  began.
• Even so, minor variations in the distribution of
  mass at that point created hierarchical
  segregation about the features of todays
  universe being alike like clusters and super
  clusters of galaxies.

4
Evolution

• Because of redshift observations, cosmologists
  are able to observe that there is a direct
  relationship between the distance of a remote
  object and the distance and the speed in which it
  is receding. If this expansion had happened over
  the entire age of the universe, then objects
  would be much closer. This comes across a
  gravitational singwarity where everything would
  have been compressed into an infinitesimal size
  too small to be measured. That idea gave rise to
  the Big Bang theory.

• The first hundredth of a second was composed of
  very high energies. At these energy levels the
  quarks that compromise the protons and neutrons
  (ups and downs) werent joined, and a dense,
  super hot mix of gluons and quarks was all that
  was able to exist in those microseconds, until it
  was cool enough to form matter particles.
• After the evolution of matter was forwarded, it
  is believed that the earliest galaxies were dwarf
  galaxies, and they produced so much radiation
  they stripped gas atoms of their electrons.
• Therefore, this gas heated and expanded, and had
  the ability to form the larger galaxies we know
  today.

5

• In one of the earliest eras of the Big Bang
  theory, the universe is believed to have formed a
  hot dense plasma. As the expansion proceeded,
  the temperature steadily dropped until it reached
  a point when atoms could form.
• At this time, the background energy separated
  from the matter, and was free to travel space.
• As the leftover energy cooled, it expanded onward
  and created the cosmic microwave background
  radiation.
• This radiation provides information about the
  nature of the universe, including its composition
  and age.

6
Age of the Universe

• According to NASAs WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave
  Anistrophy Probe) the universes age since the
  time of the Big Bang is estimated to be around
  13.7 years old, with an error margin of 1. Oth
  methods give different ranges of 11 to 20 billion
  years. Most estimates cluster around the 13-15
  billion year range.

7
Composition

• The observable universe seems to have a
  relatively flat space-time containing equivalent
  a massenergy density of 9.9 times 10-30 grams
  per cubic centimeter. This energy appears to
  consist of 73 dark energy, 23 cold dark matter,
  and 4 atoms. Early phases of the Big Bang
  composed of equal amounts matter and antimatter.
  
• The Universe is primarily made of hydrogen (75
  of the total), with helium (24), and trace
  amounts of isotopes deuterium, helium-3, and
  lithium.

8
Ultimate Fate

• There are four theories cosmologists often use to
  describe their opinion on how the Universe will
  finally come to an end. A Big Crunch, Big
  Freeze, Big Rip and Heat Death.
• Depending on the overall density of matter in the
  universe, it will either keep expanding forever
  or will gradually slow down.
• If the universes mass density is equal to or
  below the critical density the expansion would
  keep going, slowing down, but never stop. The
  formation of stars would cease and as the other
  stars depleted, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and
  black holes would be the only thing left. As
  collisions occurred between these things, the
  black holes would get larger and the average
  temperature would reach absolute zero ending in
  a Big Freeze.
• If the universes expansion were to slow quicker,
  than the universe would eventually collapse back
  on itself creating a Big Crunch.
• If the universes expansion were to keep
  accelerating, eventually all life forms would
  disintegrate, based on Hubbles law, and strip
  itself of all electrons, causing the universe to
  heat up more and end the way it began in a Heat
  Death.
• The last theory is the Big Rip.

9
My Opinion

• Based on information I know and have learned, I
  believe there is more than one right answer to
  how the Universe could end.
• I think there is more than one universe out
  there, like we are a tiny speck of the whole
  thing. If that were to be true, since there
  isnt evidence to say no or yes, different
  universes could end other ways then we will.
• Even though we, and other space-times, will
  eventually die out there could still be more
  being created. A black hole could be the start
  of a new universe in some disconnected
  space-time.
• Like our own universe, there could be Big Bangs
  happening far out somewhere starting a new
  universe.
• Since barely any of this information is proved to
  be true, these opinions I have are just
  speculations based on my own judgments. They
  cant be proved right or wrong until our tools to
  look at space advance to higher levels.

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Bibliography

• More information on this subject can be found at
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe
  pictures and articles
• http//www.history.org
  articles