O2 Transport in Blood

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O2 Transport in Blood

• 1. dissolved in the plasma and erythrocyte
  water
• 2. reversibly combined with hemoglobin (Hb) 1
  Hb can bind 4 O2
• Hb deoxyhemoglobin (or reduced Hb)
• HbO2 oxyhemoglobin
• O2 carrying capacity the maximal capacity of Hb
  to bind O2 20.8 ml/100 ml of blood

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O2-Hb dissociation curve
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O2 transport in the lungs and tissues
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CO2 Transport in Blood

• Dissolved in blood (10)
• Carbaminocompounds (30)eg, HbCO2
• Bicarbonate (60)CO2H2OltgtH2CO3ltgtHCO3-H
  ? catalyzed by carbonic
  anhydrase

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Summary of CO2 movement
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Chloride shift

• Exchange one bicarbonate for one chloride ion via
  a transporter in erythrocytes

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Transport of H

• HbO2 H ltgtHbH O2
• Hypoventilation or lung diseasegt respiratory
  acidosis
• Hyperventilationgt respiratory alkalosis

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Control of Respiration

• Center- medulla, pons
• Sensors- chemoreceptors pulmonary
  receptors
• Effectors- respiratory muscles

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Respiratory Center

• Medulla oblongata neural generation of
  rhythmical breathing in the medullary inspiratory
  neurons (inhibited by signals from apneustic
  center or pulmonary stretch receptors depressed
  by barbiturates and morphine)
• Pons the apneustic center (in lower pons)
  inhibits medullary inspiratory neurons to
  terminate inspiration the pneumotaxic center (in
  upper pons) modulates the apneustic center

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Sensors

• Pulmonary stretch receptor cut off inspiration
  (Hering-Breuer inflation reflex)
• Peripheral chemoreceptors carotid bodies and
  aortic bodies (excitatory to the medullary
  inspiratory neurons)
• Central chemoreceptors in the medulla
  (excitatory)
• Others J receptors, irritant receptors, etc.

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Location of the carotid and aortic bodies
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Hypoxic response
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Hypercapnic response
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Respiration in Physiological Conditions
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Effect of exercise with various intensities
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Ventilation during exercise with a given intensity
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Summary of factors that stimulate ventilation
during exercise
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Respiration in Pathological Conditions
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Hypoxia

• Definition a deficiency of O2 at the tissue
  level
• 4 categorieshypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemia)anemic
  hypoxiaischemic hypoxiahistotoxic hypoxia

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