SAMPLING SEQUENCE

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DPM CONTROLS BIODIESEL EMISSIONS
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Biodiesel

• It may not be the perfect solution

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Biodiesel

• It may not be the perfect solution
• but for some, its the silver bullet

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Biodiesel - What is it?

• EPA registered diesel fuel
• Raw vegetable oil is NOT biodiesel
• 100 biodiesel, neat biodiesel, B100
• Biodiesel blend - biodiesel mixed with
  petrodiesel, called Bxx where xx is the volume
  of biodiesel in the blend
• B20 20 biodiesel, B2 2 biodiesel
• Biodiesel is drop-in replacement for standard
  diesel. Any diesel engine will run on biodiesel.

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Biodiesel Where does it come from?

• (Catalyst)
• 100 pounds 10 pounds 10 pounds
  100 pounds
• Triglyceride Alcohol
  Glycerine Mono-Alkyl
  Esters
• Ingredients
• Triglycerides..Soy oil, corn oil, canola
  oil, beef tallow pork lard, used cooking
  oil
• AlcoholMethanol, ethanol
• CatalystSodium hydroxide, potassium
  hydroxide
• Product
• Mono-Alkyl Esters.Biodiesel
• Raw Vegetable Oil is NOT Biodiesel!
• Biodiesel must meet ASTM D 6751-06

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Biodiesel Properties

• High Cetane number
• Ultra Low Sulfur (averages 2 ppm)
• High Lubricity, even in blends as low as B1 and
  B2. Can blend with ULS diesel
• Reduces emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon
  dioxide, oxides of sulfur, polycyclic aromatic
  hydrocarbons, and total hydrocarbons
• High flash point
• Solvent and cleaning properties

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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions

• Former US Bureau of Mines research
• Laboratory testing
• Deutz/MWM 6.3 liter NA, EPA 8-mode testing
• DPM reduced 50 with B100 vs. 2 diesel
• Field testing, Homestake mine, Lead, SD
• Wagner 3.5 yd3 LHD, Cat 3306 PCNA, OCC, 134 hp, 6
  week test
• DPM reduced 72-80 with B100 vs. 2 diesel
• Higher DPM reduction vs. lab testing attributed
  to heavier duty cycles in mine
• Miners commented on lower smoke levels

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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions

• NIOSH PRL isolated zone study, Stillwater mine at
  Nye, MT
• Simulated load-haul-dump mining cycle
• Cat Elphinstone R1300, 3.7 yd3
• Cat 3306 DITA de-rated to 165 hp w/OCC
• Constant ventilation, intake in fresh air
• 2 diesel compared to B20 and B50 soy biodiesel
  fuel
• B20 produced 26 EC reduction
• B50 produced 48 EC reduction

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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions

• MSHA Tech Support compliance assistance at
  Carmeuse Lime and Stone area samples
  EC reductions (compared to D2)
• Maysville Mine
• B20 (recycled vegetable oil) 35
• B50 (recycled vegetable oil) 71
• B50 (virgin soy oil) 49
• Black River Mine
• B35 (recycled vegetable oil) 33
• B35 (virgin soy oil) 16

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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Durham Mine, MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 100 Biodiesel
2003 2004 2005
2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Detroit Salt Company, MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 100 Biodiesel
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Malcom Mine, MSHA compliance samples, EC
D2 B100
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Ft. Dodge Mine, MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 99 Biodiesel
500 400 300 200 100 0
Elemental Carbon, EC, µg/m3
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Weeping Water Mine, MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 100 Biodiesel
2003 2004 2005
2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Hutchinson Salt Co., MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 100 Biodiesel
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions
Columbus Junction, MSHA compliance samples, EC
D2 B100
Brief B20 experiment
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions

• Diesel Emissions Evaluation Program (DEEP) study
  at INCO Creighton Mine, Sudbury, ON
• Univ. of MN, MI Tech Univ., INCO, NIOSH, CANMET,
  ORTECH
• Isolated zone, simulated L-H-D cycle
• Wagner ST-8, Deutz F12L413W, 275 hp, OCC
• Week 1 2 diesel Week 2 B50 soy biodiesel
• EC reduced by 28.6 with B50
• No statistically significant changes in NO or NO2
  levels

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Biodiesel DPM Gaseous Emissions

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) per
  Clean Air Act Section 211(b)
• B100 B20
• Diesel Particulate Matter - 47 - 12
• Carbon Monoxide - 48 - 12
• NOX (NO NO2) 10 2
• Total Hydrocarbons - 67 - 20
• PAH - 80 - 13
• Sulfates - 100 - 20

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Biodiesel and Gaseous Emissions

• NIOSH PRL isolated zone study, Stillwater mine at
  Nye, MT
• B20 w/OCC vs. D2 w/OCC
• CO no change (both were zero)
• CO2 no change
• NO - 5.8
• NO2 - 5.5
• B50 w/OCC vs. D2 w/OCC
• CO no change (both were zero)
• CO2 no change
• NO 4.4
• NO2 5.5

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Biodiesel and DPM Emissions- Effect of OCC on OC
-

• B100 reduces TC emissions vs. D2
• EC reduced 50-80
• OC can increase
• B100 with platinum-palladium oxidation catalytic
  converter (OCC) can reduce OC by 60 vs. B100
  w/o OCC

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Issues Relating to the Use of High Biodiesel
Content Fuel Blends

• Cost
• Availability
• Properties at low temperatures
• Solvent effect
• Long term storage stability, microbial growth
• Engine oil change intervals
• Energy content
• Engine warranties

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Issues Relating to the Use of High Biodiesel
Content Fuel Blends

• Cost
• Availability
• Properties at low temperatures
• Solvent effect
• Long term storage stability, microbial growth
• Engine oil change intervals
• Energy content
• Engine warranties

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Biodiesel Costs

• Historically, B100 costs about 1.00 per gallon
  more than standard 2 diesel
• Blenders federal excise tax credit amounts to 1
  per gallon per biodiesel (virgin feedstock),
  thus
• B99.9 (virgin feedstock) receives federal excise
  tax credit of about 1.00 per gallon
• B50 (virgin feedstock) receives federal excise
  tax credit of 50 per gallon
• When diesel prices spiked in late summer 2005 and
  spring 2006, B100 was cheaper than 2 diesel in
  some areas, after tax credit applied

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Biodiesel Costs

• Diesel prices, selected US cities, 06-09-2006
• (fuel prices do not include taxes, tax credits or
  subsidies)
• Source Alternative
  Fuels Index, EMI
• B100 2 diesel ? w/o credit ?
  w/credit
• Albany, NY 3.17 2.24 0.93 -
  0.07
• Billings, MT 3.41 2.44 0.97 -
  0.03
• Charleston, WV 3.41 2.30 1.11 0.11
• Chicago, IL 3.31 2.27 1.04
  0.04
• Indianapolis, IN 3.34 2.26 1.08
  0.08
• Louisville, KY 3.37 2.29 1.08
  0.08
• Pittsburgh, PA 3.40 2.23 1.17
  0.17
• Seattle, WA 3.37 2.32 1.05
  0.05
• US Average 3.37 2.29 1.08
  0.08

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Biodiesel Availability

• Available in all states except Alaska
• 8 BQ-9000 accredited producers
• Over 1400 commercial distributors
• Over 750 retail filling stations
• National Biodiesel Board on-line guide to buying
  biodiesel
• http//www.nbb.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/default.
  shtm
• Purchasers should specify fuel meeting ASTM
  D6751-06 requirements

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Current Biodiesel Plants 2004
Production 25,000,000 Gallons 2005
Production 75,000,000 Gallons Current Production
Capacity 395,000,000 Gallons
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Future Biodiesel Plants 58 Plants under
construction/expansions 714M gal 36 Plants in
pre-construction phase 755M gal
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Biodiesel Commercial Distributors
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Biodiesel Retail Filling Stations
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Biodiesel Use Issues (gtB20)

• Cold weather
• Below cloud point, need heated storage tanks,
  indoor storage, fuel line heaters, etc.
• Solvent/cleaning properties
• Biodiesel can soften and degrade certain
  elastomers. Need to replace natural rubber,
  butyl rubber, nitrile, etc. with Teflon or
  Viton
• Biodiesel dissolves and removes sediments from
  fuel tanks and lines
• Need to clean out tanks and lines and/or be
  prepared to replace filters frequently until
  systems fully cleaned

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Biodiesel Use Issues (gtB20)

• Long term storage stability
• Recommend use within 6 months of manufacture
• If stored longer than 6 months, should test for
  acid number
• Engine oil change intervals
• Due to higher viscosity, more biodiesel may pass
  over piston rings and into oil pan
• Biodiesel may polymerize and cause engine sludge
  problems
• May need to change oil more often

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Biodiesel Use Issues (gtB20)

• Energy content
• Biodiesel has 8-10 lower energy content than 2
  diesel resulting in lower peak power output
  delivered by engine
• Generally not noticeable with B2 to B20
• May be evident with high biodiesel blends when
  engine operates under heavy load
• Effect usually not significant due to mixed duty
  cycle (idle, low, medium, high loads)
• Better cleaning, lubricity may compensate
• Fuel usage usually higher than 2 diesel

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Biodiesel Use Issues (gtB20)

• Engine warranties
• Engines are warranted against defects in
  materials and workmanship. Engine warranties do
  not cover fuel, either biodiesel or standard
  petroleum diesel.
• Many manufacturers have issued position
  statements on the use of biodiesel fuel
• Example from Cummins on-line fact sheet

Cummins neither approves or disapproves of the
use of biodiesel fuel. The use of
biodiesel fuel does not affect Cummins Material
and Workmanship warranty. Failures caused by the
use of biodiesel fuels or other fuel
additives are NOT defects of workmanship and/or
materials as supplied by Cummins Inc. and CANNOT
be compensated under the Cummins warranty.
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Biodiesel and DPM Filters

• Biodiesel can produce significant DPM reductions
  in engines that would not be good candidates for
  DPM filters due to very high rates of DPM
  generation.
• Some MSHA Approved engines and older
  grandfathered engines still in use at mines may
  produce 0.5-1.0 g/bhp-hr of DPM
• Some evidence suggests that DPM passive filters
  regenerate at a lower temperature (
  20-30º C) when engines are run on biodiesel
  compared to standard petroleum diesel. More
  research data needed to verify.

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Biodiesel Resources

• National Biodiesel Board is the national trade
  association representing the biodiesel industry
  and the coordinating body for research and
  development in the United States. Their internet
  web address is
  www.biodiesel.org
• The above website has link to the document, Use
  of biodiesel blends above 20 biodiesel
• Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines US Dept.
  of Energy, publication DOE-GO-102006-2288, 2nd
  edition, March 2006

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• Bill Pomroy
• MSHA - North Central District
• 515 W. First St.
• Duluth, MN 55802-1302
• 218-720-5448

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Thank You