Review

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Review

• 1. What is the first stage of prenatal
  development?
• 2. Give an example of a teratogen.
• 3. Why is alcohol so harmful?

2
Review

• 4. Name one maternal risk factor that can affect
  prenatal development.
• 5. There are two basic classes of reflexes.
  Name one.

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Review

• 6. Approximately how much time, on average does
  an infant spend sleeping?

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Review

• Cephalocaudal
• Proximidistal
• Kwashiorkor

• Torso, outward
• Protein deficiency
• Head, downward

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Review

• 8. Put these in order
• Crawl, Sit without support, Rolling over, Hold
  bottle,

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Review

• 8. Name two influences on physical growth
• 9. What is a risk factor associated with
  childhood obesity?

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Review

• 11. Obesity is influenced by??

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Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget

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Chapter Overview

• Jean Piaget
• General Principles
• Stages of Cognitive Development

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Cognitive Development

• Changes in childrens mental skills and abilities

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Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

• Genetic Epistemologist
• Looking for universal patterns of intellectual
  growth and knowledge

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Intelligence

• Basic life function
• Helps organism adapt

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Goal of Intellectual Activity

• Cognitive Equilibrium

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Cognitive Schemas

• Patterns of thought or action
• Help organize the world

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Cognitive Schemas

• 1. Sensori-motor
• 2. Symbolic
• 3. Operational

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Adaptation

• Accomodation
• Assimilation

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Piagets Stages of Cogn Devt
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1. Sensori-Motor

• Stage 1 Early Reflexes (Birth-1 month)
• Stage 2 Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months

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Sensori-Motor (continued)

• Stage 3 - Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8
  months)
• Stage 4 Combined Secondary Circular Reactions
  (8-12 months)

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Sensori-Motor (continued)

• Stage 5 Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18
  months)
• Stage 6 The First Symbols (18-24 months)

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Imitation

• Incapable of imitating novel responses until 8-12
  months
• Deferred imitation (18-24 months)

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Object Permanence

• Objects continue to exist, even when they are no
  longer visible.
• Up to 4 months, will not search for hidden object

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Object Permanence

• 4-8 months Will retrieve object that is partly
  concealed
• 8-12 months A, not B error
• 18-24 months Capable of mental representation

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2. Pre operations

• A. Pre-conceptual (2-4 years)
• Emergence of symbolic thought
• Language
• Pretend Play

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Pre Operations

• A. Pre-conceptual
• Deficits
• Animism
• Precausal Reasoning
• Egocentrism

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Chapter Overview

• Stages of Cognitive Development
• David Elkind and Adolescent egocentrism
• Evaluating Piagets theory
• Neo-Piagetian theory

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Pre operations

• B. Intuitive Stage (4-7 years)
• Classification
• Deficit Centered Thinking

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Pre Operations

• B. Intuitive Stage
• Conservation
• Certain properties of an object remain unchanged,
  when its appearance is altered in some
  superficial way

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Conservation Tasks
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Pre operations

• Deficit
• Decentration, Reversability

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New Evidence

• 1. Egocentrism
• 2. Causal Reasoning
• 3. Conservation Identity training

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Concrete Operations (7-12)

• 1. Conservation
• 2. Classification
• 3. Relational Logic
• 4. Transitivity

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Formal Operations (Adol.)

• 1. Think about what is possible
• 2. Abstract Thought
• 3. Metacognition
• 4. Multi-dimensional thought
• 5. Relativism

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Egocentrism in Adolescence

• David Elkind (1967)
• Increased introspection
• Self absorbed

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Imaginary Audience

• Belief that others are as pre-occupied with her
  appearance as she is
• Adolescent is continually reacting to an
  imaginary audience

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Imaginary Audience

• One of the most common audience constructions is
  anticipating how people will react to his death
• Fails to differentiate his own concerns from
  those of others

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Personal Fable

• Adolescent comes to regard her own thoughts and
  experiences as special and unique

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Personal Fable

• Belief in the uniqueness of ones own emotional
  experiences
• Belief in ones own indestructability
• Helps explain risk taking behavior in adolescence

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Adolescent Egocentrism

• Begins to fade by 15, 16
• Imaginary audience Gradually able to
  differentiate between ones own preoccupations
  and those of others

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Adolescent Egocentrism

• Personal Fable Overcome by developing an
  intimate relationship

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Evaluating Piagets Theory

• 1. Major devt insights
• 2. Focused on qualitative differences
• 3. Saw children as active learners

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Evaluating Piagets Theory

• 4. Accurate re sequence of cognitive development
• 5. Attracted many other researchers to the field
  of devt psychology

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Evaluating Piagets Theory

• 1. Underestimated developing minds
• 2. Didnt distinguish Competence from
  Performance
• 3. Over-estimated holistic structures

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Evaluating Piagets Theory

• 4. More description than explanation
• 5. Neglected cultural and social influences