Wind Energy

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Wind Energy

• Richard Lawrence Joe Rand
• RE/EE Education Conference
• HVCC, 3/18/08

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What is KidWind?
The KidWind Project is a team of teachers,
students, engineers and practitioners exploring
the science behind wind energy in classrooms
around the US. Our goal is to introduce as many
people as possible to the elegance of wind power
through hands-on science activities which are
challenging, engaging and teach basic science
principles.
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Slide Show Thanks!!!

• This slide show is a conglomeration of many
  different slide shows and some additions and
  editing by KidWind. Some major contribution to
  the slide show are from Sally Wright, NREL, Randy
  Brown, Southwest Windpower, General Electric,
  Bergey Windpower and many, many others.
• Feel free to adapt and use for educational
  purposes as the goal of this project is to get
  the word out!

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Why Teach Wind?
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Students have a blast!(and learn a lot too)
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You can teach many Learning Standards

• Concept 1 - Identify and explain the role of
  alternative energy sources and their conversion
  for use in society.
• Concept 2 - Give examples of how energy can be
  transferred from one form to another.
• Concept 3 - Differentiate between potential and
  kinetic energy. Identify situations where
  kinetic energy is transformed into potential
  energy and vice versa.
• Concept 4 - Explain and utilize the steps of
  the engineering design process including the use
  of methods for representing solutions to a design
  problem. Recognize the parallel nature of the
  scientific method and the engineering design
  process.

• Concept 5 - Identify and map aspects of the
  earths surface that would be applicable to
  engineering alternative energy conversion systems
  
• Concept 10 - Explain the way in which an
  electromagnet can be used to convert forms of
  energy into electrical energy harnessed in a
  circuit
• And MANY, MANY MORE!

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Lots of Solar Car Activities
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Before KidWind, wind education kits were
expensive and not very useful
800 !!
200 ??
350 !!
99 ??
BEST DEAL 150 Yippee!!
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Typical Wind Lessons(Before KidWind)

• Beaufort Scale
• Pinwheels
• Student Reports
• Discussion Activity
• All very interesting but very little of the
  science and technology related to the current
  wind industry is presented.
• In fact most text books are pretty negative about
  the future of wind and misrepresent the
  technology miserably.

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Elementary

• Engineering is Elementary
• Wind Chimes
• Wind Art
• Building simple blades

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Middle

• Building Wind Turbines
• Testing Blade Parameters
• Assessing Wind Resource
• Mathematics

balloon
3m
streamers
Kite or balloon string
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Secondary

• Advanced Blade Design
• School Siting Projects
• Data Analysis
• Build Model (or full scale!) wind turbines

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Blade Design
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There are lots of exciting career possibilities

• Developers
• Turbine Technicians
• Manufacturing
• Sales Marketing
• Utility Engineers
• Geophysical Engineers
• Concrete/Structural Engineering
• Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace)
• Site/Civil Engineering
• Microelectronic/Computer Programming
• Business Expertise (Financial)
• Legal Expertise
• Meteorologists

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History of Wind Energy, Types of Turbines, and
Applications of Wind Energy
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Windmills have fascinated us for centuries and
will continue to do so. Like campfires or falling
water, theyre mesmerizing indeed,
entrancing. Paul Gipe, Wind Power for Home,
Farm, Business
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Basic Nomenclature

• Wind Machine
• Kinetic device used to capture the wind and put
  it to work
• Wind System
• Wind machine, tower, and all ancillary equipment
• Windmill
• Wind machine that generates mechanical motion
  (ie. water pumping, grain grinding, etc.)
• Wind Turbine
• A device that produces electricity from the
  kinetic energy of wind

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Wind Energy has been Popular for a long time
The pilgrims arrived under the power of wind.
Cape Cod was home to the first windmill in
America. Wind helped fuel our countrys early
economy.
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Fighting windmills also has a long history!
Don Quixote fighting Giants
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Early WINDMILL in Afghanistan (900AD)
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Dutch Style Windmills used for 100s of years
across the World
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Water Pumping Windmills helped settle the
American West
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Early Electric Wind Turbines helped Electrify
Remote Farms in the early 1900s
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Birth of the Modern Wind Turbine
California Wind Turbines 1980s
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW Turbine Vermont, 1940's
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Wind is Fastest Growing Energy Source
US Installed Wind Capacity
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Drivers for Wind Power

• Rising Fuel Price and Uncertainty
• Declining Wind Costs
• Federal and State Policies Incentives
• Local Economic Development
• Environmental Stewardship
• Energy Security
• Consumer Demand

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Two 800 Pound Gorillas
Climate Crisis
Oil Crisis
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Two major issues that our students are being left
to deal with
Climate Crisis
Oil Crisis
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Need to Change Perceptions
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US Capacity is Growing in fits and starts
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Compared to Germany
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Wind Potential
Source U.S. DOE
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Types of Wind Turbines Today

• Medium
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
• 80,000-500,000
• 20-150 ft. diameter
• 10-250 kW

• Small
• Homes Farms
• Remote Applications
• 5,000-50,000
• 2-20 ft. diameter
• ?10 kW

• Large (250 kW 5 MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• 750,000 - 3,000,000 (per turbine)
• 150 300 ft. diameter

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Small Medium Turbines

• Micro
• lt1.25 m (4 ft) rotor diameter
• Mini / Cabin-size
• 1-3 m (3-10 ft) rotor diameter
• Household
• 4-10 m (13-33 ft) rotor diameter
• Medium
• 10-60 m (33-200 ft) rotor diameter

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US Small Wind Manufacturers

• Bergey, Oklahoma
• Southwest, Arizona

• Abundant Renewable Energy (ARE), Oregon

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Medium Large Wind Turbines

• Hub height
• 160 - 260
• Blade tip height
• 240 - 390

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US Large Wind Manufactures

• General Electric
• Clipper

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Wind Turbine Perspective
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Wide Sweep
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Scale activities
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Turbine Technology
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Orientation

• Turbines can be categorized into two overarching
  classes based on the orientation of the rotor
• Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis

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Lift vs Drag VAWTs

• Lift Device Darrieus
• Low solidity, aerofoil blades
• More efficient than drag device
• Drag Device Savonius
• High solidity, cup shapes are pushed by the wind
• At best can capture only 15 of wind energy

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VAWTs have not been commercially successful, yet

• Every few years a new company comes along
  promising a revolutionary breakthrough in wind
  turbine design that is low cost, outperforms
  anything else on the market, and overcomes all of
  the previous problems with VAWTs. They can also
  usually be installed on a roof or in a city where
  wind is poor.

WindStor
Mag-Wind
WindTree
Wind Wandler
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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

• Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower
• Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only
  commercially available ones are small turbines

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Inside a Wind Turbine
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Airfoil Nomenclaturewind turbines use the same
aerodynamic principals as aircraft
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Active Passive Yaw

• Active Yaw (all medium large turbines produced
  today, some small turbines from Europe)
• Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way
  to point rotor into the wind
• Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind
• Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)
• Wind forces alone direct rotor
• Tail vanes
• Downwind turbines

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Pitch Control vs. Stall Control

• Pitch Control
• Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed
  becomes too great
• Stall Control
• Blades are at a fixed pitch that starts to stall
  when wind speed is too great
• Pitch can be adjusted for particular locations
  wind regime
• Active Stall Control
• Many larger turbines today have active pitch
  control that turns the blades towards stall when
  wind speeds are too great

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Rotor Controls

• The rotor is the single most critical element of
  any wind turbine How a wind turbine controls the
  forces acting on the rotor, particularly in high
  winds, is of the utmost importance to the
  long-term, reliable function of any wind
  turbine. Paul Gipe

• Micro Turbines
• May not have any controls
• Blade flutter
• Small Turbines
• Furling (upwind) rotor moves to reduce frontal
  area facing wind
• Coning (downwind) rotor blades come to a
  sharper cone
• Passive pitch governors blades pitch out of
  wind
• Medium Turbines
• Aerodynamic Stall
• Mechanical Brakes
• Aerodynamic Brakes

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Build the Wind turbines
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What is Wind Power Used For?
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Wind Turbine Applications

• Generating electricity at Remote Sites
• Producing electricity in parallel with utility
• Water Pumping

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Electricity for Remote Sites

• North American Farms in 30s 40s
• Backcountry homes/cabins
• Research Stations
• Telecommunications
• Boats RVs
• Nomadic people
• Cathodic protection

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Hybrid Systems Rural Electrification
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Merchant Electricity Generation
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Net Metering
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Wind Farms
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Offshore Wind
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Blade design
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Wind Basics
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How Wind Works
Wind energy is created by uneven heating of the
earths surface.
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Coriolis Effect
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Global Geostrophic Winds
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Land-Sea Breezes

• Land-sea breezes created by temperature
  differentials
• Winds also stronger near shore because of long
  unobstructed fetch
• Sea breezes typically strongest in late afternoon

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Valley Breeze
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Mountain Breeze
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Mountain-Valley Breezes

• Typically strongest in summer
• Nighttime mountain breezes are stronger than
  daytime valley breezes
• Mountain-valley winds can be enhanced by
  prevailing winds and convective flow between
  interior and coasts

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Where is the Wind?
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http//truewind.teamcamelot.com/ne/
Anemometers measure wind speeds
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Wind Rose
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Wind Varies Annually
Average annual wind speeds may vary as much as
25 from year to year
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Wind Varies Seasonally
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Wind Varies Daily

• Wind varies daily not only because of weather but
  because of convective heating
• Winds typically strongest in mid-late afternoon
• Convective heating is less of an influence in
  winter, when storms dominate wind patterns

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Wind Varies Instantaneously
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Wind Distribution
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Power in the Wind
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Kinetic Energy in the Wind

• Kinetic Energy Work ½mV2
• Where
• M mass of moving object
• V velocity of moving object
• What is the mass of moving air?
• density (?) x volume (Area x distance)
• ? x A x d
• (kg/m3) (m2) (m)
• kg

A
V
d
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Calculation of Wind Power

• Power in the wind
• ½ ? A V3
• Effect of air density, ?
• Effect of swept area, A
• Effect of wind speed, V

R
Swept Area A pR2 Area of the circle swept by
the rotor (m2).
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Importance of Rotor Diameter

• Swept are is proportional to square of the rotor
  diameter
• 20 increase in rotor diameter increases area by
  44
• Doubling diameter increases area 4 times

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Importance of Wind Speed

• No other factor is more important to the amount
  of power available in the wind than the speed of
  the wind
• Power is a cubic function of wind speed
• V X V X V
• 20 increase in wind speed means 73 more power
• Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power

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Importance of Distribution
Because speed distribution plays such an
important role in determining power, its always
preferable to use an actual measured
distribution. Paul Gipe, Wind Power
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Wind Speed HeightHigher means stronger,
smoother wind
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Micro-Siting
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Turbulence
Side View
Top View
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Environmental Other Concerns about Wind
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Some Concerns about Wind(that can be addressed
with proper information)

• Visual / Aesthetic
• Property Values
• Noise
• Birds
• Safety
• Are benefits real?

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We should not compare wind energy to no wind
energy
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Visual Impact

• Many people think wind turbines are graceful,
  kinetic sculptures.
• People who have never seen modern wind turbines
  in person are more likely to think they will be
  an eyesore.
• There are always people who complain about visual
  impacts before a project is built.
• Approval rates are higher after projects are
  built and in areas that already have turbines.

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Similar Structures

• Utility Poles
• Radio Towers
• Cell Phone Towers
• Water Towers

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Similar Structures

• Utility Poles
• Radio Towers
• Cell Phone Towers
• Water Towers

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Similar Structures

• Utility Poles
• Radio Towers
• Cell Phone Towers
• Water Towers

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Similar Structures

• Utility Poles
• Radio Towers
• Cell Phone Towers
• Water Towers

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Approval Rates Increase with Actual Exposure to
Technology
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Wind Art
celebrating the beauty of wind
Mark Beasley
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Vermont Wind Sabra Field
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Quilt by Kathie Alyce
Power Plant by Alekxander Rodic
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What about the birds?

• Wind Turbines kill very few birds compared to
  other human activities
• Estimates are 1-2 bird deaths per turbine per
  year
• Global warming is the single biggest threat to
  wildlife today
• A recent study in Nature found that more than 1/3
  of species worldwide will be extinct by 2050 if
  global warming trends continue

As responsible citizens, stewards, and
advocates, Mass Audubon strongly supports public
policies and private projects that advance energy
conservation and efficiency. We also support the
development of wind farms, as a renewable energy
source to offset the effects of global climate
change produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Sept. 21, 2004
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Global Warming

• No longer credibly questioned
• 10 warmest years on record have occurred since
  1987.

Departure from Average Temperature
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Bird deaths in perspective
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Turbines are noisy, right?

• Older wind turbines are louder. Newer machines
  turn slower and are much quieter
• It is possible to hold a quiet conversation at
  the base of a modern wind turbine
• Go to MMA or Hull and listen!

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Do wind farms impact tourism and property values?

• Yes -- Positively.
• There is NO evidence from
• existing wind facilities anywhere in the world
  (including locations very similar to Cape Cod
  that have offshore turbines) that wind turbines
  have a negative impact on property values or
  tourism.

In fact, the majority of studies conducted after
wind farms have been built show that both tourism
and property values increase!
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Are Wind Turbines Unsafe?

• Not a single passerby has ever been injured by
  wind turbines
• There have been no collisions with turbines by
  any type of vehicle
• Ice shedding is very rare
• When it occurs Ice falls near base of turbine --
  not thrown far distances
• Only one member of the public has been killed by
  a wind turbine (a German parachutist on her first
  solo jump)

Wind turbine at Exhibition Place, Downtown Toronto
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Are the benefits real?

• Back up Power?
• Turbines do not require any new back up
  generation or spinning reserves.
• Emission reductions?
• Wind energy is accepted on the grid before any
  other source when it is available, offsetting the
  need for more polluting sources. Each MWh of wind
  is one less MWh of electricity from a fossil fuel
  plant
• Economics?
• Wind provides long-term price stability and is
  competitive with todays energy costs. Economic
  benefit is realized by whoever buys (and sells)
  the power.

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Economics Jobs
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Does Small Wind Energy Pay?

• Does wind energy have to pay for itself?
• We often buy items of equivalent cost that
  provide no monetary value, and often cost money
  to use
• Off grid customers are looking for least cost
  option (connect to grid, diesel generator,
  solar/wind hybrid, etc..)
• Comparing initial costs is not useful
• Wind has no fuel cost
• Generators are cheaper per kW, but not
  necessarily cheaper at producing energy over the
  entire life
• Youre paying for a wind machine whether you
  want to or not, every time you mail your check to
  the utility. Mike Bergey

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Economic Factors

• Installed Cost
• Operation Maintenance
• Typically 1 cent per kWh
• Financing
• (equivalent to lost interest if paying cash)
• Insurance
• Taxes
• Revenues Savings Sales
• Savings worth more value because not taxed
• Sales may generate taxable income
• RECs may be able to be sold
• Must account for rising cost of electricity
• as it compares to inflation

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Economic Incentives

• Tax Credits
• Tax Exemptions
• Rebates
• Production Incentives Rebates
• Accelerated Depreciation
• Grants Loans
• Net Metering Arrangements
• www.dsireusa.org
• www.masstech.org

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Growing Economies of Scale
1981
1985
1990
1996
1999
2001
Rotor (Meter)
10
17
27
40
50
70
KW
25
100
225
550
750
1,500
Total Cost
65,000
165,000
300,000
580,000
730,000
1,300,000
Cost/kW
2,600
1,650
1,333
1,050
950
790
MWh
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220
550
1,480
2,200
5,600
Larger turbines are more cost effective per
kW. But the value of each kWh depends on whether
it is used behind the meter (12-15 /kWh )or sold
to the grid (3-5/kWh).
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Case Studies

• Cape Cod Regional Technical School
• 1.5 kW
• Upper Cape Tech
• 10 kW
• Massachusetts Maritime Academy
• 660 kW
• Hull Wind 2
• 1.8 MW

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Cape Cod Regional Technical School

• African Windpower AWP 3.6 Turbine (installed June
  2005)
• 1.5 kW capacity
• 250-350 kWh/month
• (about half of an average households demand)
• 127 foot, tilt-up, guy-wired tower
• SMA WindyBoy Inverter
• Installed as an educational tool
• (Its a demonstration of small wind energy
  technology, not necessarily an example of what to
  do)

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Upper Cape Tech

• Aircon 10 turbine
• 10 kW capacity
• 1250-1750 kWh/month
• (2½ - 3 times an average households demand)
• Freestanding, tubular, counterbalancing tower
• 2 SMA WindyBoy Inverters

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Rebate structure improved from Cape Tech to UCT
example rebate will be different for other
applications, and additional incentives may be
available. --All prices are provided for example
only actual prices may vary--
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Massachusetts Maritime Academy V47

• Total cost 1.4M
• Estimated CF 25 1,461,746 kWh/year
• 82 used on Campus _at_ 0.18
• 18 to grid _at_ 0.06
• Simple Payback without RECs 7.5 years
• Assuming RECs at .05 per kWh, Simple Payback
  5.5 years

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Hull Wind 2

• 1.8 mW Vestas V80 wind turbine
• Second wind turbine in Hull
• 1st was Vestas V47, 660 kW
• Tower height 60 meters (190)
• Located on 20 meter tall landfill
• Blade length 40 meters (130)
• Turbine blade rotor diameter 80 meters (262)
• Tip of blade to ground 100 meters (328)

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Hull 2 Costs

• Turbine Tower only
• 1.8 million
• Total cost (incl. Foundation)
• 3.0 million
• Total cost/kW 1,666
• Generation cost, including assumed cost of
  capital and OM cost 5.6 cents/kwh

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Hull 2 Income

• Electricity Savings 12.5cents/kWh
• Savings to Hull by use of wind power instead of
  buying electricity from the grid est.
  550,000/yr Mass
• Renewable Energy Credits 5.3cents/kWh
• Renewable Energy Production Incentive 1.9
  cents/kWh
• Savings RECs (_at_40 mwh) REPI est. 800,000/yr
• Annual savings will increase as cost of grid
  purchased power increases
• Payback (cost/savings) 5.9 years
• Payback (savingsRECsREPI) 3.75 years

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Wind is a homegrown energy that we can harvest
right along side our corn or soybeans or other
crops. We can use the energy in our local
communities or we can export it to other markets.
We need to look carefully at wind energy as a
source of economic growth for our region David
Benson, Farmer and County Commissioner, Nobles
County, Minnesota
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Carpe Ventum!
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The KidWind Project www.kidwind.org Joe
Rand joe_at_kidwind.org Richard Lawrence rlawrence_at_c
apecod.edu