Chemistry of Hazardous Materials CHM 2930

1
Chemistry of Hazardous MaterialsCHM 2930

• Chapter 1
• Introduction

2
Fire in a contemporary world

• New years Eve
• 4th of July
• Rock Concerts
• Churches
• Eternal Flame JFK
• Olympics
• Warmth
• Engines

3
Fire in a contemporary world

• Famous Fires
• Table 1-1 page 6
• Chicago Fire
• Started by someones cow
• Fire Fighting
• Colonial Americans bucket brigade
• 1736 first volunteer firefighters
• Early 1900s before major cities had fire service
• Fig 1-3 page 7
• Q are all fires put out the same way?

4
Why study chemistry in fire science

• Chemistry is a natural science
• Two areas
• Organic
• Inorganic

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General Char. Of Hazardous Materials

• Flammable Substances
• Spontaneously Ignitable substances
• Explosives
• Oxidizers
• Corrosive Materials
• Toxic Materials
• Radioactive materials

6
Classes of Fire

• Class A fires
• Burn cellulosic material (wood,paper)
• Class B fires
• Flammable gas, and flammable and combustible
  liquids
• Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical extinguishers
• Class C fires
• Energized electrical circuits
• Use carbon dioxide
• Class D fires
• Combustion of certain metals (Ti, Mg, Al, Na)
• Graphite based dry powder or sodium chloride

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Federal Hazardous Substance Act

• When ingredients of Commercial Products contain
  Hazardous Materials
• Initial Advisory (Danger)
• Principal Hazard (Flammable)
• What to do to reduce Hazard (Ventilated Area)
• Common Names
• First Aid
• Name and Location (Manufacturer)

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Banned from Household Products

• Carbon Tetrachloride
• Extremely Flammable water repellants
• Certain Fireworks
• Liquid drain cleaner w/ gt 10 KOH
• Products with metallic cyanide
• Paint with lead
• Aerosols with vinyl chloride
• Asbestos

9
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

• Directs FDA to ensure
• Food safe to eat
• Drugs safe to take
• Labeling of food and drugs are truthful

10
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act

• Enables EPA to
• Regulate manufacturing, use, and disposal of
  pesticides

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Toxic Substances Control Act

• Enables EPA to
• Obtain production and test data from industry on
  all groups of toxic substances
• These are ones other than pesticides and drugs.
• Examples of banned or severely controlled
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
• Asbestos

12
Clean Air Act

• Enables EPA to
• Establish national ambient air quality stds.
• For specific air contaminants (189)

13
Federal Water Pollution Act

• Enables EPA to
• Restore and Maintain the chemical, physical, and
  biological integrity of the nations waters
• Toxic Pollutant
• Know def.

14
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

• Enables EPA to
• Regulate the generation, transportation,
  treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous
  wastes within a cradle-to-grave framework
• EPA ID number prefixed by
• F,K,P,U
• Four characteristics
• Ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and
  toxicity

15
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act

• To correct for past mistakes from improper
  disposal of hazardous substances
• Superfund Law

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Occupational Safety and Health Act

• Protects employees in the workplace from
  occupational illness and injuries caused by
  exposure to hazardous materials
• Two Agencies
• OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Admin.
• MSDS Sheets
• NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safey
  and Health

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NFPA System

• Done Clockwise
• Blue health hazard
• Red fire hazard
• Yellow chemical reactivity hazard
• Bottom Quadrant
• Radiation
• W caution against application of water
• OXY oxidizer
• P undergoes autopolymerization

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CHEMTREC

• Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
• For those at the scene of an emergency involving
  haz. mat.
• Follow steps 1-9 to streamline the process

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National Response Center

• Federal Point For reporting
• Oil
• Hazardous materials
• Hazardous substances
• Biological
• Infectous
• Radiological spills

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Chapter 2

• Some Features of Matter and Energy

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States of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

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Units of Measurement

• Length
• Metric
• Kilo
• Centi
• Milli
• Micro
• Relationship
• 1in 2.54cm

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Units of Measurement

• Mass
• Gram
• Kilo
• Micro
• Milli

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Units of Measurement

• Volume
• Liter
• Milli
• Relationship
• 0.946 L 1 qt

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Converting Between Units

• Dimensional Analysis
• Example Love bug hitting your windshield at 25
  miles per hour

25miles x 1hr x 1min x 5280ft x
12in x 2.54cm x 10mm hr 60min
60sec 1 mile 1ft 1in
1cm
11176mm/sec
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Density of Matter

• Density
• Mass/Volume
• Mercury vs Water
• Mercury 13.6
• Specific Gravity
• Compare density of one material to Water
• Use of hydrometer
• Miscible vs Immiscible
• oil and water dont mix

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Density of Matter

• Vapor Density
• Air 1.29g/L
• What is vapor density of Oxygen
• 1 L of oxygen 1.43g
• NOTE
• If vapor density is gt 1.0 volume is heavier than
  same volume of air. Concentrate in low spots
• If lt 1.0 vapor tends to rise

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Energy

• Def. capacity to do work
• Types
• Radiant any energy (heat,light, X-ray)
• Thermal - heat
• Acoustical - sound
• Mechanical - machine
• Chemical in bonds

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Temperature

• Fahrenheit vs Celsius
• T(oF) 9/5 T(oC) 32
• Kelvin
• Kelvin is used for absolute zero
• Celsius 273.15

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Pressure Measurement

• Units of Measurement
• 1 atm 760mmHg 14.7psi 101.3 kPa
• Vapor Pressure
• Higher the vapor pressure
• More volatile
• More the substance wants to be a vapor

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Heat and its transmission

• Def. form of energy caused by motion
• Manifested as a result of
• Change in temperature
• Change in physical state of substance
• Change in chemical identity
• Endothermic vs Exothermic
• 1Btu 252cal 4.184J
• Conduction vs Convection (Figure 2.11)
• Radiation heat transmitted by a third process
• Spread of fire by (Convection and Radiation)

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Adverse effects of heat exposure

• How body reacts
• Blood circulation
• Prespires
• Four disorders
• Heat Rash (perspiration not removed)
• Heat Cramps (consume too much water after
  activity)
• Heat Exhaustion (failure to drink enough water)
• Heat Stroke (cant regulate internal temp)

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Calculation of Heat

• Q m x C x DT
• Ice to steam

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General Properties of Gases

• Boyles Law
• Charless Law
• Combined Gas Law

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Cryogens

• Temperatures less than 90K
• See table 2-10
• Hazards of Cryogens
• Upon vaporizing they expand substantially
• Can liquefy other gases
• Health risk
• Use Caution