Animal Structure and Function

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Chapter 40

• Animal Structure and Function

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Themes

• Evolution adaptations arose by natural
  selection
• Regulation short-term adaptation to
  environmental pressures
• Bioenergetics obtaining, processing, and
  utilizing energy
• Form fits function
• Anatomy study of structure
• Physiology study of function

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Tissues of Animals

• Hierarchy of living things
• Cells to Tissues to Organs to Organ systems to
  Organism
• Types of tissues (group of cells with a common
  structure and function)
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Nervous
• muscle

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Epithelial Tissue

• Occur in sheets of tightly packed cells
• Cover the outside of the body, and lines organs
  and cavities
• Protects against water loss, and microbial
  invasion

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Classes of Epithelial Cells

• Simple epithelium single layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium multiple tiers
• Pseudostratified appear multiple, truly single
• Epithelial cells are attached to a basement
  membrane of extracellular matrix

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Connective Tissue

• Binds and supports other tissues
• Sparse populations of cells within an
  extracellular matrix
• Connective tissue fibers (those secreted by
  connective tissue cells) are of three kinds
• Collagenous made of collagen
• Elastic long threads made of elastin
• reticular thin and branched joins connective
  tissue to other tissues

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Types of Connective Tissues

• Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to
  underlying tissue
• Contain two important cells fibroblasts
  (secrete protein ingredients of extracellular
  fibers) and macrophages
• Adipose Tissue stores fat
• Fibrous Connective Tissue dense made of
  collagenous fibers
• Make up tendons (attach muscles to bones)
• Ligaments (joins bones together at joints)

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Types of Connective Tissue cont.

• Cartilage strong flexible substance
• Bone mineralized connective tissue
• Osteoblasts bone forming cells
• Blood extensive matrix called plasma
• Erythrocytes red blood cells
• Leukocytes white blood cells
• Platelets cell fragments

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Nervous Tissue

• Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one
  part of the animal to another.
• Functional unit is the neuron made up of
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• axons

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Muscle Tissue

• Composed of long cells called muscle fibers
• Capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve
  impulses
• Three types of muscle tissue
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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Organ Systems

• Different tissues are organized into organs
• Some organs are arranged into tissue layers
• Organ systems groups of organs working together

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Animal form

• Physical law constrains animal form
• Single cell size
• Aquatic swimmers shape
• Fusiform
• Convergent evolution

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Homeostasis

• Maintaining a constant internal environment
  regardless of external changes
• Maintaining a constant temp of 98.6
• Depends upon feedback circuits
• Receptors
• Control center
• Effector

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Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback

• A change in some variable that triggers
  mechanisms that amplify rather then reverse the
  change
• Childbirth
• Internal regulation is expensive
• Considerable amount of energy is used to maintain
  a constant balance

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Bioenergetics