the role of indigenous institustion

1
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCE HUMANITIES
PROGRAM OF PEACE DEVELOPMENT
STUDIESThe Role of Indigenous Institutions in
Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding The
Case of East Hararge Zone, Oromia Regional State,
Ethiopia By Abadir youya musa
PhD Research Proposal
Defense




Haramaya
university


Ethiopia




College Social Sciences and HumanitiesInstitute
of Peace and Development Studies Program PhD In
Peace and Development Studies (PDS

• PhD Research Proposal Defense Presentation

Advisers Dr Mohamad Hassen Prof Minhaj Alam D.R
Yacob H.C
FEBURARY 2025

2

• 1.Introduction
• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Objectives
• Scope of the Study
• Significance of the Research
• 2.Organization of the Proposal
• 3.Operational Definitions (Keywords)
• 4.Literature Review and Related Works
• 5.Research Gap and Conceptual Framework
• 6.Methodology
• 7.Work Plan and Budget Breakdown
• 8.Conclusion
• 9..END Presentation

3
Introduction

• Conflict remains an inevitable societal
  challenge, exacerbated by socio-political,
  economic, and environmental factors.
• Conflict is a ubiquitous phenomenon in societies,
  particularly in East Hararge Zone, where diverse
  ethnic and cultural groups interact. The study
  critically analyzes the role of indigenous
  institutions, such as the Gadaa system, in
  transforming conflicts and fostering sustainable
  peace in the region (Assefa, 2005 Lederach,
  1997).
• The study focuses on the role of indigenous
  institutions, particularly in East Hararge Zone,
  in addressing conflicts

4
Background of the Study (1)

• Several kinds of incompatible interests lead to
  conflicts between human beings consequently
  conflict disrupts peace, security, and
  development at the individual and group levels.
• concerning this Dinkessa (2017) stated that
  conflict happens as uncertainties. It can arise
  from the mismatch of aims between individuals or
  groups
• Conflicts, ranging from interpersonal disputes to
  intergroup tensions, disrupt peace and
  development.
• These conflicts are often precipitated by issues
  such as resource competition, ethnic tensions,
  and poor governance (Assefa, 2005)
• Conflicts arise from various sources, including
  competition for resources, ethnic tensions, and
  political instability.
• Conflicts stem from a multitude of sources, such
  as socio-economic disparities, cultural
  misunderstandings, and competition for Limited
  resources. Factors
• like political corruption, governance issues, and
  ethnic tensions further exacerbate these
  disputes, leading to grigeS that can escalate
  into significant sock 'challenges

5
Background of the Study (2)

• In East Hararge, the persistence of conflicts
  related to land, water, and socio-economic issues
  necessitates a deeper understanding of the role
  of indigenous institutions in conflict
  transformation, However, rapid socio-economic
  changes and modern pressures such as climate
  change have led to increased conflict,
  challenging the effectiveness of traditional
  mechanisms (Kefale, 2012).
• Mitigating the threat that interpersonal and
  sociopolitical discord poses, which can range
  from a minor altercation to complete societal
  collapse, has been a persistent challenge that
  communities look to address to help growth and
  improve the welfare of their members.
• Consequently, to counter these challenges,
  societies around the world have employed a
  variety of strategies and approaches, including
  resolution, settlement, prevention, management,
  and transformation Some of these strategies aim
  to preempt conflict's emergence, while others try
  to control the consequences and devastation that
  can result from conflict (Osaghae, 1996).
• Among these approaches, conflict transformation
  is highly pertinent to understanding how
  indigenous communities address various conflicts
  (Bonacker et al., 2011).
• Indigenous conflict transformation mechanisms,
  such as the Gadaa system and Jaarsummaa, reflect
  deeply held cultural norms and foster inclusive
  participation, critical for social cohesion and
  long-term peace (Wang et al., 2023

6
Background of the Study (3)

• Conflict transformation is a multifaceted
  approach that addresses the individual,
  interpersonal, structural, and cultural
  dimensions of conflict. It uses the
  transformative potential of conflict to catalyze
  positive change across these domains (Wertheim,
  2024). Rather than viewing conflict as a problem
  to be managed or resolved, the conflict
  transformation process evokes, embraces, and
  explores differences John Paul Lederach (1997P
  84) emphasizes that conflict transformation
  involves reshaping relationships, setting up new
  structures for peace, and fostering a culture of
  peace within society, highlighting the
  comprehensive nature of the process. It is
  closely aligned with the related concepts of
  peacebuilding and conciliation
• The fundamental aim of conflict transformation is
  to foster the development of healthier
  communication patterns in service of goals, such
  as personal development, relationship-building,
  violence reduction or elimination, human rights
  advancement, and increased democratic
  participation (Baser Özerdem, 2019)
• The concept of conflict transformation appeared
  from the social, political, and cultural
  struggles of the late 20th century. It is
  employed by academics, peacemakers, artists,
  facilitators, activists, and indigenous
  institutions working towards social change and
  social justice across diverse sectors of society
  (Rodríguez Inturias, 2018 Baser Özerdem,
  2019 Dukes, 2019)

7
Background of the Study (4)

• This holistic view of conflict transformation,
  often referred to as a "systemic" approach,
  emphasizes the need to address not just the
  immediate issues of a conflict but also the
  underlying dynamics, including changes in the
  involved actors, the nature of the conflict
  agenda, the norms governing interactions between
  parties, and the broader power structures that
  contribute to the conflict, essentially aiming
  for a deep-seated transformation beyond just a
  temporary resolution
• The primary goal of indigenous institutional
  frameworks in the domain of conflict
  transformation is to identify proper solutions to
  existing conflicts
• The primary goal of indigenous institutional
  frameworks in the domain of conflict
  transformation is to identify proper solutions to
  existing conflicts
• These solutions are grounded in the values,
  norms, complexities, and cultural contexts of the
  affected society, and so hold significant
  relevance for the disputing parties (Rodríguez
  Inturias, 2018 Harriden, 2023).
• The overarching goal of Indigenous conflict
  transformation mechanisms is the restoration and
  maintenance of relationships by reintegrating
  offenders back into the mainstream societal
  fabric
• Indigenous institutions prioritize repairing
  relationships and the preservation of social
  harmony over the exclusive application of legal
  or punitive measures

8
Statement of the Problem (1)

• The role of indigenous institutions in conflict
  transformation and peacebuilding is a crucial
  issue in many parts of the world, including
  Ethiopia
• In an era marked by globalization and
  transnational conflicts, understanding how
  indigenous institutions can address these
  challenges and promote peace across communities
  and borders is essential (Adams, 2018)
• In an era marked by globalization and
  transnational conflicts, understanding how
  indigenous institutions can address these
  challenges and promote peace across communities
  and borders is essential (Adams, 2018)
• While contrasting conflict resolution and
  conflict transformation, we highlight the
  importance of indigenous conflict transformation
  practices Conflict resolution focuses on quick
  fixes for short-term solutions and aims to stop
  conflict as soon as possible, often addressing
  only surface-level issues
• Conflict transformation, however, delves deeper
  by identifying and addressing the root causes
  that sustain conflicts, such as historical
  grievances, structural inequalities, or cultural
  misunderstandings (Galtung, 1996 Lederach, 1997

9
Statement of the Problem (2)

• While some studies focus on traditional
  mechanisms, there is insufficient research on
  their transformative potential within
  contemporary political frameworks. This gap
  hinders policy development to integrate these
  systems more effectively into formal governance
  structures.
• This lack of awareness impacts marginalized
  communities when indigenous methods are ignored,
  marginalized populations suffer more (Johnson,
  2021).
• Then Supporting and recognizing indigenous
  institutional practices can empower local
  communities by strengthening their roles in
  conflict transformation, preserving cultural
  traditions, and fostering social cohesion
• Ethiopia, a nation with diverse ethnic groups,
  has long used indigenous peacebuilding mechanisms
  to resolve various disputes, including those
  related to land, marriage, promises, trespassing,
  homicide, arson, injury, property damage,
  divorce, and succession.
• The Oromo people, the largest ethnic group in
  Northeast Africa, have used multi-layered
  customary peacebuilding mechanisms to resolve
  social, political, and economic conflicts
• For instance, the Gadaa system among the Oromo
  employs culturally relevant, participatory
  approaches emphasizing fairness, consensus, and
  inclusivity (Girma, 2017 Mohammed Zerihun,
  2022).

10
Statement of the Problem (3)

• However, the Gadaa systems contribution to
  sustaining peace and security, particularly in
  East Hararge Zone of Oromia, remains
  underexplored
• This study aims to fill this gap by investigating
  how indigenous institutions contribute to
  transforming conflicts and building peace in the
  East Hararge Zone community
• Earlier studies on indigenous conflict resolution
  mechanisms in the East Hararge Zone have
  primarily focused on resolution rather than
  transformative approaches
• For example, Shambel (2017) examined dispute
  resolution in Haramaya Woreda, while Nigusie
  (2013) analyzed the reintegrative role of
  traditional mechanisms in the Eastern Hararge
  Zone. Zigale Tamiru (2016 explored the role and
  challenges of indigenous conflict resolution in
  the Haramaya district
• These studies approached conflict as a short-term
  phenomenon to be resolved permanently,
  overlooking the transformative potential of
  conflict to create constructive change processes
  that reduce violence and increase justice
  (Lederach, 1995, 2003).
• In general, earlier studies in the East Hararge
  Zone have not adequately emphasized the role of
  indigenous institutions in conflict
  transformation and peacebuilding. And no scholar
  who studied on the role of indigenous
  institutions in conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding
• In the East Hararge communities continue to face
  rising conflict related to land, water, and
  socio-cultural issues. The lack of a
  comprehensive understanding of the Gadaa systems
  role in conflict transformation has further
  limited its integration into modern peacebuilding
  frameworks
• Several factors hinder the ability of indigenous
  institutions to transform conflicts and promote
  peace. A key problem is trust, especially in
  collaborations between indigenous and state
  institutions to resolve conflicts

11
Statement of the Problem (4)

• .

• The lack of trust significantly hinders the
  effectiveness of indigenous institutions in the
  East Hararge Zone by eroding community trust in
  conflict resolution processes
• The East Hararghe community is currently
  grappling with conflicts at both inter-household
  conflicts inter-group and intra-group levels,
  driven by socio-economic, cultural, and
  environmental factors such as land use and water
  access over farmland dispute are alarmingly
  increasing in the study area
• Climate change further worsens these challenges
  by intensifying resource scarcity through erratic
  rainfall, droughts, and environmental degradation
• Due to the complex nature of these conflicts,
  which are not solely managed by formal
  governmental institutions, but also indigenous
  institutions have proven to be effective solution
  for addressing intercommunal conflicts
• These traditional systems, deeply rooted in local
  customs and cultural practices, have been
  instrumental in resolving disputes and fostering
  harmony within communities
• This research proposal seeks to examine the role
  of indigenous institutions like the Gadaa system
  in conflict transformation and peacebuilding in
  the East Hararge Zone, Oromia Regional State,
  Ethiopia

12
Objectives of the Study

• General Objective
• The overall objective of this study is to
  critically investigate the role of indigenous
  institutions in conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia
  Regional State.
• Specific Objectives
• To explain the types and causes of conflict in
  the East Hararghe Zone oromiya regional state
  Ethiopia in conjunction with their historical
  origins
• Discuss the major roles of the Gadaa system in
  indigenous conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding, and how do its governing
  structures, compositions, approaches, and
  mechanisms function in East Hararge Zone?
• To assess the effectiveness of indigenous
  conflict transformation approaches in addressing
  both inter-community and intra-community
  disputes?
• To examine the challenges and limitations faced
  by indigenous institutions in contemporary
  conflict Transformation and peacebuilding
  efforts?
• To examine the mechanisms, values, and principles
  employed by these indigenous institutions in
  transforming conflicts and peace building social
  cohesion

13
Scope of the Study

• This study investigates the role and limitations
  of indigenous institutions in conflict
  transformation and peacebuilding in the East
  Hararge Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.
• It aims to explore the types and causes of
  conflict, examine the governing structures and
  mechanisms of these institutions, and assess
  their effectiveness and challenges.
• The research focuses on East Hararge Zone in the
  Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, analyzing
  indigenous institutions like Gadaa and
  Jaarsummaa. The study employs qualitative methods
  such as interviews and focus group discussions,
  engaging local communities, indigenous leaders,
  and government officials
• The findings will provide insights into the
  contribution of indigenous institutions to
  Indigenous institution in Conflict transformation
  and peacebuilding policies in the zone

14
Significance of the Study

• This study will contribute to policy development
  by demonstrating how indigenous institutions can
  complement formal systems in conflict resolution.
  It will also provide insights into the role of
  traditional governance systems in fostering
  social cohesion, peacebuilding, and sustainable
  development in rural Ethiopia
• Contribution to Policy and Knowledge The study
  aims to enhance understanding of indigenous
  institutions' conflict transformation mechanisms
• Significance for Development Findings will
  provide reliable information on the role of these
  mechanisms in promoting social and economic
  development
• Resource for Stakeholders The research will
  serve as a valuable resource for researchers,
  government entities, NGOs, and other stakeholders
  involved in conflict resolution and development
• Encouragement for Further Research The study may
  stimulate additional research on indigenous
  conflict mechanisms and related topics
• Support for Ethiopian Federalism It will
  contribute to the implementation of Ethiopian
  Federalism principles, particularly regarding the
  promotion and protection of the customs of
  nations and nationalities, with a focus on Oromia
  and East Hararge zone.

15
Organization of the Proposal

• 1.Introduction
• Background of the study,
• Problem of the statement,
• objectives.
• Scope of the Study
• Significance of the Research
• 2.Literature Review Theoretical frameworks and
  empirical studies.
• 3.Methodology Research design, data collection
  methods.
• 4. Ethical considerations
• 5.Work plan and
• 6 future work .budget. Plan

16
Operational Definitions (Keywords

• Indigenous Institutions Traditional systems
  based on cultural values and social norms, such
  as the Gadaa system and Jaarsummaa (Asmerom,
  2019).
• Conflict Transformation A long-term process
  aimed at addressing root causes and reshaping
  relationships (Lederach, 1997).
• Peacebuilding A comprehensive approach aimed at
  creating sustainable peace by addressing the
  underlying causes of conflict (Galtung, 1996)
• East Hararge Zone This is a key administrative
  region found in the Oromia Regional State of
  Ethiopia. It is characterized by its ethnically
  diverse population, including the Oromo,
• Transformation refers to the fundamental and
  sustainable change in the dynamics of a conflict,
  including attitudes, relationships, power
  structures, and systems
• Peacemaking refer to the principles and
  practices embraced by Eastern Hararghe
  communities as a part of the wider Gadaa System
  of Oromo population that promote conflict
  resolution, harmony, and reconciliation

17
CHAPTER TWOLiterature Review (1)

• 2.1.Theoretical Review of Literature
• 2.1.1 Review of Concepts of Conflict
• According to Francis (2006), conflict appears
  when there is hostility among individuals,
  groups, or society due to competition for
  resources, authority, or divergent interests in
  various domains
• Conflict has focused on the complex interplay
  between individual, group, and societal factors
  that contribute to its emergence and perpetuation
  (Creswell, 2017
• Additionally, conflict arises when two or more
  parties vie for the same limited resources
  simultaneously. This occurs in all social
  contexts and among individuals in several types
  of human relationships. Due to the wide range of
  variations among individuals, the absence of
  conflict often signifies a lack of meaningful
  engagement. In and of itself, conflict is neither
  inherently positive nor negative. However,
  whether a disagreement proves beneficial or
  detrimental depends on its management (Deutsch
  Coleman, 2000

• The reviewed literature contributes to existing
  theories on conflict transformation by validating
  the significance of indigenous knowledge and
  practices. It also provides new frameworks for
  understanding how local governance structures
  shape conflict dynamics and influence
  peacebuilding efforts.

18
Literature Review (2)

• 2.1.2. Concepts of peace terms
• 2.1.2.1. Peacebuilding (PB)
• For peacebuilding and conflict transformation
  initiatives to be sustainable, grassroots actors
  are essential. Because of their strong
  relationships to the local community, they are
  able to comprehend the particular dynamics,
  cultural settings, and basic causes of problems
  that top-down techniques frequently miss
• By facilitating ongoing dialogue and mediation,
  grassroots actors can resolve complaints before
  they become more serious disputes (Richmond,
  2011).
• 2.1.2.2. Peacekeeping (PK)
• The United Nat
• ions (2021) defines peacekeeping operations to
  aid countries in transitioning from conflict to
  peace. Recent evaluations of peacekeeping
  missions have highlighted the need for robust
  mandates and adequate resources.
• Additionally, the effectiveness of peacekeeping
  missions is often contingent upon the cooperation
  of local actors. A study by Fortna (2020) writes
  down that peacekeeping forces are more successful
  when they work collaboratively with local
  communities and governments. Fortna's research
  suggests that building trust and fostering
  relationships with local stakeholders can
  significantly enhance the legitimacy and
  effectiveness of peacekeeping efforts

19
Literature Review (3)

• 2.1.2.3. Peace-making (PM)
• According to Zartman (2019), successful
  peace-making requires a deep understanding of the
  interests and motivations of conflicting parties
• Peace-making refers to the diplomatic efforts
  aimed at resolving conflicts and setting up peace
  agreements
• For instance, a study by Krause (2020) proves
  that peace processes that involve a diverse range
  of stakeholders, including marginalized groups,
  are more likely to result in durable agreements
• 2.1.3. Concepts of conflict terms
• 2.1.3. 1. Conflict Management (CM)

20
Literature Review (4)

• Conflict management encompasses the strategies
  and processes employed to handle conflicts
  constructively
• Fisher (2020) emphasizes that effective conflict
  management involves recognizing the underlying
  interests of the parties involved and helping
  dialogue to address these interests
• Moreover, the role of communication in conflict
  management has been highlighted in recent
  literature. A study by Tjosvold et al. (2020)
  shows that open and honest communication can
  foster trust and cooperation among conflicting
  parties
• 2.1.3. 2. Conflict resolution (CR)
• Conflict resolution focuses on finding mutually
  acceptable solutions to disputes. Deutsch (2020)
  posits that successful conflict resolution
  requires effective communication and negotiation
  skills
• Recent empirical evidence supports the notion
  that mediation can significantly enhance the
  likelihood of resolving. For instance, a study by
  Susskind and Cruikshank (2021) shows that
  mediation processes that involve skilled
  mediators lead to higher rates of agreement among
  conflicting parties
• Additionally, the impact of cultural factors on
  conflict resolution has been explored in recent
  research. A study by Avruch (2020) highlights
  that understanding cultural differences are
  essential for effective conflict resolution

21
Literature Review (5)

• 2.1.3. 3. Conflict transformation (CT)
• Conflict transformation is a comprehensive
  approach that looks to address the root causes of
  conflict while transforming the relationships and
  structures that sustain it
• Unlike conflict resolution, which focuses on
  resolving specific disputes, conflict
  transformation aims to create positive, lasting
  change by promoting social justice, healing, and
  reconciliation (Lederach, 1997
• Despite the rich history of indigenous conflict
  resolution in Ethiopia, existing literature often
  focuses on resolution rather than transformation,
  missing the broader potential of indigenous
  practices in peacebuilding

22
Literature Review (6)
1.3. Review of Empirical literature 2.1.4.
Indigenous conflict transformation mechanisms
(ICTM

• Indigenous conflict transformation mechanisms
  involve holistic, intuitive knowledge systems,
  utilizing storytelling and spiritual aspects,
  contrasting with analytical Western approaches
  focused on written evidence.
• Indigenous knowledge systems incorporate diverse
  elements including knowledge impartation and
  practices (Grenier, 1998).
• They provide intricate information and
  interpretations guiding human interactions with
  nature (Nakashima et al., 2000).
• Indigenous approaches contrast with Western
  systems, typically characterized as analytical
  and reductionist (Grenier, 1998).
• Indigenous knowledge relies on oral traditions
  like storytelling, singing, and dancing,
  contrasting the written, evidence-based nature of
  Western knowledge systems
• Indigenous knowledge emphasizes spiritual and
  moral dimensions over written laws like
  international resolutions (UN Permanent Forum on
  Indigenous Issues, 2020).

23
2.1.5. Indigenous Conflict Transformation
Mechanisms in Africa (ICTMIA)

• In Africa, traditional conflict transformation
  mechanisms (ICTM) focus on creating unified
  social fabrics and enduring peace rather than
  mere conflict resolution (Tsega, 2002
• These institutions function at the village level,
  managing local governance, resource mobilization,
  community security, and conflict resolution
  (Donnelly-Roark et al., 2001).
• In countries like Zimbabwe and Nigeria,
  traditional institutions blend with local
  governance systems, overseeing spiritual guidance
  and natural resource management (Blom, 2000
  Serra, 2001).
• They encourage community participation and
  cooperation, fostering compliance without
  coercion (Mowo et al., 2011).
• Traditional institutions in Zimbabwe focus on
  preserving community peace and resolving
  conflicts (Mbwirire Dube, 2017).
• They employ specific approaches and mechanisms
  to achieve peacebuilding and conflict
  transformation.

24
2.1.6. Indigenous Conflict Transformation
Mechanisms in Ethiopia (ICTMIE)

• Ethiopia's indigenous conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding mechanisms have significantly
  contributed to social cohesion among its diverse
  communities
• The country, known for its multitude of cultures
  and over 80 ethnic groups, possesses unique
  conflict resolution practices that reflect its
  rich heritage. T. Kefale (2020) emphasizes that
  using home-grown conflict transformation methods
  is preferred over litigation due to their
  efficiency in addressing disputes
• Indigenous conflict resolution is deeply rooted
  in community values, norms, and beliefs,
  displaying its ongoing relevance in achieving
  sustainable peace post-conflict (B. Tsegaye, M.
  Rammala, 2018).

25
Indigenous Conflict Transformation Mechanisms in
Ethiopia (ICTMIE

• Historically, Ethiopia has relied on these
  traditional mechanisms for conflict resolution,
  particularly before the establishment of formal
  courts. Endalkachew, B., Girma, B. (2016)
  highlight the importance of customary practices
  in fostering nonviolent relationships within
  communities. With its intricate social fabric
• Ethiopia serves as a cultural museum, harmonizing
  various languages, religions, and philosophical
  perspectives (Abebe Demewo, 2016).
• Ethiopia serves as a cultural museum, harmonizing
  various languages, religions, and philosophical
  perspectives (Abebe Demewo, 2016).
• The Ethiopian ethos condemns immoral actions,
  including conflicts, which can incur social
  sanctions aimed at restoring solidarity. Ref.
  Awash, E. (2015) illustrates this through the
  Gofa society's concept of Gome, a term
  representing acts that violate social norms. Such
  breaches are viewed seriously, fostering
  compliance to prevent conflict escalation,
  thereby facilitating a conducive environment for
  peacebuilding.
• Ethiopias diverse indigenous mechanisms for
  conflict transformation underscore the
  significant roles they play in maintaining
  stability and social harmony in a country
  characterized by its ethnic diversity and rich
  history of communal practices.

26
Indigenous Conflict Transformation Mechanisms in
Ethiopia (ICTMIE

• Ethiopias indigenous conflict transformation
  mechanisms, particularly through elders, promote
  stability amid ethnic diversity. Practices like
  jaarsummaa, Gumaa, and Siinqee foster grassroots
  peacebuilding, addressing various disputes while
  embedding traditional values in modern
  initiatives, thus enhancing societal resilience
  and cultivating a profound, sustainable culture
  of peace.
• The blending of traditional values and modern
  peace initiatives nurtures resilience and
  promotes a culture of peace while addressing
  current issues and establishing sustainable
  coexistence.
• In the Somali National Regional State, elders
  significantly contribute to grassroots
  peacebuilding, guiding local administrations on
  security matters
• In Oromia, indigenous mechanisms like jaarsummaa
  resolve a range of conflicts, from land disputes
  to marital issues. Key figures include jaarsa
  biyyaa (community elders) and jaarsa araaraa
  (conflict resolution elders), who mediate
  disputes effectively.
• The Gumaa practice reconciles blood feuds, while
  Siinqee allows married women to engage in
  conflict resolution

27
2.2. Theoretical Frameworks

• Theoretical frameworks for conflict resolution
  and transformation offer critical insights into
  addressing disputes across various contexts
• Key concepts, such as John Paul Lederach's
  conflict transformation, stress the importance of
  addressing both immediate issues and deeper
  relational patterns (Lederach, 2003).
• They incorporate diverse disciplinary
  perspectives, focusing on concepts like
  Lederach's conflict transformation, which
  addresses immediate and deeper relational issues
• Analyzing causes such as power imbalances and
  identity, these frameworks promote strategies for
  conflict resolution and long-term social change
  through collaborative dialogue and systemic
  change, highlighting individual and collective
  agency in achieving sustainable peace

28
2.2.1. Conflict Transformation Theory (CTT)

• Conflict Transformation Theory (CTT), developed
  by Lederach (1997), emphasizes addressing root
  causes of conflict rather than just its symptoms.
  It views conflict as an opportunity for social
  change.
• In East Hararge, indigenous institutions employ
  traditional conflict transformation methods with
  cultural significance, like community gatherings
  and elders' councils.
• These practices promote dialogue to resolve
  disputes and foster understanding and
  reconciliation among parties. The relational
  approach focuses on building trust, transforming
  hostility into cooperation (Lederach, 1997)

29
Social Capital Theory

• Social Capital Theory (SCT), illustrated by
  Putnam (1993), highlights the significance of
  social networks and norms in promoting
  cooperation in communities. High social capital
  correlates with better governance and outcomes.
• In the East Hararge Zone, indigenous institutions
  serve as social networks that foster trust and
  facilitate community gatherings, enhancing social
  ties
• This interconnectedness enables collaborative
  conflict resolution, with research indicating
  that higher social capital correlates with
  reduced conflict rates, emphasizing the
  importance of these networks.

Post-modernism Theory

• Postmodernism promotes a more localized and
  context-specific understanding of social
  processes by contesting the predominance of
  universal, frequently Western-centric viewpoints
  (Lyotard, 1984)
• Postmodernism enables this study to concentrate
  on indigenous knowledge systems, cultural
  practices, and community-based conflict
  resolution methods without imposing external
  biases by dismantling conventional power
  structures and narratives.

30
2.2.4. Cultural theory of conflict (CTC)

• Cultural Theory of Conflict (CTC), proposed by
  Douglas (1982), explores how cultural values
  shape conflict perceptions
• In East Hararge, Oromo indigenous institutions
  embody these cultural norms, emphasizing
  community harmony in conflict resolution.
  Practices like "sarus" serve to mediate disputes,
  focusing on collective well-being over
  individualism
• These culturally relevant methods foster trust
  and acceptance among community members, improving
  conflict resolution outcomes.

2.2.5 Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) theory
(IKS)

• Theory emphasizes the importance of local
  knowledge in tackling social issues through
  holistic approaches that incorporate
  environmental, social, and economic factors
  (Davis Ransom, 2012
• IKS employs a holistic approach, merging
  environmental, social, and economic factors in
  decision-making
• In East Hararge, indigenous institutions leverage
  local customs for effective conflict mediation
  and community legitimacy

31
2.2.6 Transformative justice theory (TJT)

• This theory emphasizes the importance of healing
  and reconciliation over punitive measures.
• This approach focuses on addressing the needs of
  victims and fostering accountability among
  offenders in a way that promotes relational
  repair (Zehr, 2002).
• The practices of indigenous institutions in East
  Hararge align closely with transformative justice
  principles. Mediation processes often involve
  community rituals prioritizing healing and
  restoring relationships, rather than assigning
  blame or punishment.
• Their holistic and culturally resonant approaches
  promote healing and cooperation, highlighting the
  importance of indigenous systems in achieving
  sustainable peace.

32

• The research gap focuses on Indigenous
  institutions in conflict transformation and
  peace-building within the East Hararge community,
  Oromia region
• While previous studies have explored traditional
  dispute resolution mechanisms (Shamble, 2017
  Nigusie, 2013 Zigale Tamiru, 2016), practices in
  achieving social cohesion within Ethiopian
  communities, specifically within east Hararge
  zone community there is no recent study that has
  examined their role of the Indigenous institution
  in conflict transformation and peacebuilding
• Previous research has not sufficiently analyzed
  how these mechanisms contribute to broader
  peacebuilding processes, leading to a limited
  understanding of their effectiveness in fostering
  long-term peace
• Despite studies on Indigenous conflict
  resolution, the transformative potential of these
  mechanisms for peacebuilding remains
  underexplored.
• - Previous research tends to view conflict
  negatively, focusing on termination rather than
  as an opportunity for constructive change.

33
Conceptual framework

• The conceptual framework illustrates the dynamic
  interplay among conflict, engaged institutions,
  and the conditions necessary for transformative
  peacebuilding.
• It posits that conflict not only arises from
  various sociopolitical and cultural factors but
  also prompts the engagement of indigenous
  institutions, which act as mediators.
• These institutions, such as elder councils and
  customary courts, employ culturally rooted
  methods like restorative justice to facilitate
  conflict resolution and foster trust within
  communities.
• The engagement of these institutions directly
  impacts the conditions conducive to
  transformative peacebuilding, which include
  truth-seeking and inclusivity.
• Such conditions promote long-term stability and
  reconciliation, ultimately leading to sustainable
  peace.
• The framework emphasizes that the transform of
  conflict through indigenous institutions
  significantly shapes the pathways to effective
  peacebuilding, highlighting the cyclical
  relationship where conflict influences
  institutional engagement and, in turn, the
  conditions for fostering enduring peace

34
Research Methodology

• The study employs qualitative research methods to
  explore the role of indigenous institutions in
  conflict transformation and peacebuilding. The
  qualitative approach is chosen due to its
  strength in capturing in-depth insights into
  social processes, cultural practices, and lived
  experiences (Creswell Poth, 2018).
• This study utilizes a qualitative research
  design, leveraging in-depth interviews and focus
  groups to gather rich data about the experiences
  and perceptions of local communities regarding
  indigenous institutions. A participatory approach
  ensures that community members are actively
  involved in the research process Below is a
  detailed breakdown of the methodology

35
3.1. Description of the Study Area

• The study is conducted in the East Hararghe Zone,
  located in eastern Ethiopia within the Oromia
  Regional State.
• The zone is characterized by diverse cultural,
  geographical, and ecological features. It borders
  Bale to the southwest, West Hararghe to the west,
  Dire Dawa to the north, and the Somali Region to
  the north and east.
• Key landmarks include Gara Muleta, the highest
  point, and the Babille Elephant Sanctuary, a
  significant conservation area.
• The zone has a population of 2,723,850, with
  ethnic groups including Oromo (50.43), Somali
  (48.31), and Amhara (2.26).
• The predominant languages are Oromo (60.6) and
  Somali (38.92), and the majority of the
  population practices Islam (96.51).
• The study focuses on four districts (Meta,
  Kombolicha, Haramaya, Jarso) and one town
  (Deder), chosen for their unique socio-economic
  challenges, including rapid population growth,
  climate change, resource conflicts, and rising
  crime rates. These areas are also notable for
  their reliance on indigenous institutions like
  the Gadaa system and Jaarsummaa for conflict
  resolution and peacebuilding.

36

• The zone faces unique socio-economic challenges
  such as rapid population growth, climate change,
  and resource-related conflicts over farmland and
  water.
• The economic struggles highlight the limitations
  of modern courts and governmental institutions in
  managing conflicts in rural areas. Then
  Indigenous institutions such as the Gadaa system
  and Jaarsummaa play a crucial role in conflict
  transformation and peacebuilding.in east hararge
  zone
• 3.2. Research Design
• The study employs a phenomenological research
  design to explore the role of indigenous
  institutions in conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding. Khan (2014) defines a
  phenomenological research design as a study that
  aims to explore and understand individuals
  feelings, perspectives, and interpretations of a
  specific phenomenon. Phenomenological research
  aims to understand how individuals perceive and
  interpret a particular phenomenon.
• The study utilizes qualitative methods, including
  face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions
  (FGDs), and direct observation, to gather
  in-depth data.
• The iterative nature of qualitative research
  allows for the development of new questions and
  procedures as the research progresses

37

• 3.3. Research Paradigm
• The study adopts a qualitative, interpretivist,
  and social constructivist approach.
• This paradigm emphasizes understanding subjective
  meanings and interpretations of social phenomena.
• It highlights how individuals construct their
  realities based on their experiences and
  interactions within their social environment.
• The research uses open-ended questions to capture
  diverse perspectives and interpretations from
  participants
• 3.4. Description of Population, Sampling Methods,
  and Sample Size
• 3.4.1. Study Population
• The study population includes representatives
  from indigenous institutions (e.g., Gadaa system,
  Jaarsummaa, religious institutions, Gumaa,
  Siinqee), conflicting groups, and government
  officials involved in conflict resolution.
• These participants provide insights into the
  structures, approaches, and challenges of
  conflict transformation and peacebuilding

38

• 3.4.2. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
• Purposive sampling is used to select four
  districts and one town based on the intensity of
  conflicts and the functionality of indigenous
  institutions.
• Participants are chosen based on their knowledge,
  experiences, and involvement in conflict
  resolution.
• Key informants include representatives from
  indigenous institutions, conflicting groups, and
  government officials. Data collection continues
  until saturation is achieved.
• 3.5. Types of Data and Data Collection Methods
• 3.5.1. Interviews
• Semi-structured and in-depth interviews are
  conducted with key informants, including
  representatives from indigenous institutions,
  conflicting groups, and government offices.
  Open-ended questions are used to elicit detailed
  responses.
• Interviews are audio-recorded with participants
  consent, transcribed, and reviewed for accuracy.

39

• 5.2. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
• Five FGDs are conducted with diverse groups,
  including indigenous institutions, conflicting
  groups, government officials, and community
  leaders.
• FGDs provide group dynamics and diverse
  perspectives on conflict transformation and
  peacebuilding.
• 3.5.3. Indirect Observation
• Field observations are conducted in settings
  where indigenous institutions operate, such as
  community meetings and traditional courts.
• Observations focus on the structures, rituals,
  and decision-making processes of these
  institutions.
• 3.5.4. Library Work
• Secondary data is collected from published
  research articles, government reports, and
  archival materials related to indigenous
  institutions and conflict resolution

40

• 3.6. Methods of Data Analysis
• Data is analyzed using content analysis and
  interpretive methods.
• The process involves organizing data, identifying
  themes, coding, and interpreting findings within
  the studys conceptual framework.
• Techniques such as triangulation, clustering, and
  pattern recognition are used to ensure the
  reliability and validity of the results.
• 3.7. Ethical Considerations
• Ethical approval is obtained from relevant
  stakeholders. Participants provide verbal and
  written consent before data collection.
  Confidentiality and anonymity are maintained
  throughout the study. The research ensures
  unbiased language and respects participants
  rights and privacy.
• This chapter provides a comprehensive framework
  for conducting the study, ensuring methodological
  rigor and ethical integrity.

41
Description of the Study Area
Method Description
Location East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Borders Bale (SW), West Hararghe (W), Dire Dawa (N), Somali Region (N, E)
Key Features Gara Muleta (Highest Point), Babille Elephant Sanctuary
Population 2,723,850 (Oromo 50.43, Somali 48.31, Amhara 2.26)
Languages Oromo (60.6), Somali (38.92)
Religion Islam (96.51)
Focus Areas Meta, Kombolicha, Haramaya, Jarso (districts), Deder (town)
Conflict Challenges Rapid growth, climate change, resource conflicts, rising crime
Indigenous Institutions Gadaa System, Jaarsummaa
42
Research Design
Method Description
Research Design /Type Phenomenological Research Design
Focus Understanding experiences and interpretations
Research Approach Qualitative methods
Data Collection Interviews, FGDs, Observation and library work
Flexibility Iterative research process
43
Research Paradigm
Method /Aspect Details
Research Approach Qualitative, Interpretivist, Social Constructivist
Focus Understanding subjective meanings
Method Open-ended questions
Reality Construction Socially constructed interpretations
44
Population, Sampling Methods Sample Size
Method /Aspect Details
Study Population Indigenous institutions, conflicting groups, government officials
Sampling Method Purposive Sampling
Selection Criteria Knowledge involvement in conflict resolution
Sample Size Determined by data saturation
45
Data Collection Methods
Method Description
Interviews Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants
FGDs Five discussions with indigenous institutions, conflicting groups, officials
Observation Field visits to traditional courts meetings
Library Work Review of research articles, reports, archives
46
Methods of Data Analysis
Method /Aspect Details /Description
Analysis Type Content Interpretive Analysis
Steps Organizing data, identifying themes, coding, interpretation
Techniques Triangulation, Clustering, Pattern Recognition
Validation Ensuring reliability validity
47
TIMELINE
Proposal 1 week
Field Study/Work 3 Months (Jan to March)
Analysis of Data 1 Month (April)
Report Writing 1 Month (May)
Editing 2Weeks
Final Submission 2Weeks

48
Ethical Considerations

• Informed Consent Participants will be informed
  about the studys purpose (Bryman, 2016).
• Confidentiality Anonymity of participants will
  be maintained.
• Cultural Sensitivity Respecting indigenous
  customs and traditions.
• Approval Ethical clearance will be obtained from
  the university ethics board.

49
Thank you!
Do you have any questions?
abadiryuya17_at_email.com 251913258022 www.yourwebsi
te.com _at_abadiry.com