Psychology of Learning: Information Processing System & Attention

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Information Processing System Attention
Psychology of Learning
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Information Processing System
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Assumptions
Information processing is in human resembles
that in computer processing
Learning involves forming associations between
stimuli and responses
Information processing is involved in all
cognitive activities
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Two-Store (Dual) Memory Model
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Memory consisted of 3 stores
Working Memory (WM)
Long-term Memory (LTM)
Sensory Register
Sensory Register transfers information to
short-term memory (STM).
STM is a working memory (WM) and corresponds
roughly to awareness, or what one is conscious of
at a given moment
Related knowledge in LTM, or permanent memory, is
activated and placed in WM to be integrated with
the new information.
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(No Transcript)
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!!! Attention !!!
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Attention through Senses
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Theories of Attention
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Dichotic Listening
Attended Message
Unattended Message
Selective attention depends on the physical
location of the stimulus and its meaning.
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Filter (Bottleneck) Theory

• Incoming information from the environment is held
  briefly in a sensory system.
• Based on their physical characteristics, pieces
  of information are selected for further
  processing by the perceptual system.
• Information not acted on by the perceptual system
  is filtered out, and is not processed beyond the
  sensory system.
• Attention is selective because of the bottleneck,
  because only some messages receive further
  processing.
• In dichotic listening studies, filter theory
  proposes that listeners select a channel based on
  their instructions.
• They know some details about the other message
  because the physical examination of information
  occurs prior to filtering.

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Feature-Integration Theory

• Sometimes we distribute attention across many
  inputs, each of which receives low-level
  processing.
• At other times, a particular input is focused,
  which is more cognitively demanding.
• Rather than blocking out messages, attention
  simply makes them less salient than those being
  attended to.
• Information inputs initially are subjected to
  different tests for physical characteristics and
  content.
• Following this preliminary analysis, one input
  may be selected for attention.

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• Involved in head and eye movements (e.g.,
  refocusing attention) and in guided movements
  (e.g., walking, driving).
• Automatic that people implement them without
  conscious mediation.

Preattentive Processes
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Attentive Processes

• They are deliberate and require conscious
  activity.