Ruby

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RUBY
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Introduction Of Ruby

• A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a
  variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium
  oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum
  are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the
  traditional cardinal gems, together with
  amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The
  word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The
  color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
• Some gemstones that are popularly or historically
  called rubies, such as the Black Prince's Ruby in
  the British Imperial State Crown, are actually
  spinels. These were once known as "Balas rubies".

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Physical Properties

• Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale
  of mineral hardness. Among the natural gems only
  moissanite and diamond are harder, with diamond
  having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and moissanite
  falling somewhere in between corundum (ruby) and
  diamond in hardness. Sapphire, ruby, and pure
  corundum are a-alumina, the most stable form of
  Al2O3, in which 3 electrons leave each aluminium
  ion to join the regular octahedral group of six
  nearby O2- ions in pure corundum this leaves all
  of the aluminium ions with a very stable
  configuration of no unpaired electrons or
  unfilled energy levels, and the crystal is
  perfectly colorless.
• If one percent of the aluminium ions are replaced
  by chromium in ruby, the yellow-green absorption
  results in a red color for the gem. Additionally,
  absorption at any of the above wavelengths
  stimulates fluorescent emission of
  694-nanometer-wavelength red light, which adds to
  its red color and perceived luster. The chromium
  concentration in artificial rubies can be
  adjusted (in the crystal growth process) to be
  ten to twenty times less than in the natural
  gemstones. Theodore Maiman says that "because of
  the low chromium level in these crystals they
  display a lighter red color than gemstone ruby
  and are referred to as pink ruby.

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After absorbing short-wavelength light, there is
a short interval of time when the crystal lattice
of ruby is in an excited state before
fluorescence occurs. If 694-nanometer photons
pass through the crystal during that time, they
can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be
emitted in-phase with them, thus strengthening
the intensity of that red light. By arranging
mirrors or other means to pass emitted light
repeatedly through the crystal, a ruby laser in
this way produces a very high intensity of
coherent red light.
All natural rubies have imperfections in them,
including color impurities and inclusions of
rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use
these needle inclusions found in natural rubies
to distinguish them from synthetics, simulants,
or substitutes. Usually, the rough stone is
heated before cutting. These days, almost all
rubies are treated in some form, with heat
treatment being the most common practice.
Untreated rubies of high quality command a large
premium.
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CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RUBY
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Occurrence and mining
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Historically, rubies have been mined in Thailand,
in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia,
as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil,
Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland
after the Second World War ruby deposits were
found in Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.
The Republic of North Macedonia is the only
country in mainland Europe to have naturally
occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around
the city of Prilep. Macedonian rubies have a
unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included
on the Macedonian coat of arms. A few rubies have
been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.
Spinel, another red gemstone, is sometimes found
along with rubies in the same gem gravel or
marble. Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by
those lacking experience with gems. However, the
finest red spinels can have values approaching
that of an average ruby.
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COLOR

• In the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is
  the most important factor. Color divides into
  three components hue, saturation and tone. Hue
  refers to color as we normally use the term.
  Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral
  hues of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet.
  In nature, there are rarely pure hues, so when
  speaking of the hue of a gemstone, we speak of
  primary and secondary and sometimes tertiary
  hues. Ruby is defined to be red. All other hues
  of the gem species corundum are called sapphire.
  Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues,
  including orange, purple, violet, and pink.

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. A naturally occurring ruby crystal


. Natural ruby with inclusions


. A cut pink ruby


. Purple rubies
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CLARITY

• Because rubies host many inclusions, their
  clarity is evaluated by the inclusions size,
  number, location, and visibility. Rubies with the
  highest clarity grades are known as eye-clean,
  because their inclusions are the least visible to
  the naked human eye. Rubies may also have thin,
  intersecting inclusions called silk. Silk can
  scatter light, brightening the gems appearance,
  and the presence of silk can also show whether a
  ruby has been previously heat treated, since
  intense heat will degrade a rubys silk

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Different Cuts Of Ruby Gemstone

• . Round Cut Ruby Stone
• . Princess-Cut Ruby Stone
• . Asscher Cut Ruby Stone
• . Emerald-Cut Ruby Stone
• . Oval Shape Ruby Stone
• . Pear Shape Ruby Stone
• . Heart Shape Ruby Stone
• . Cushion Shape Ruby Stone

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. Round Cut Ruby Stone

• The round shape ruby stone reflects 58 facets of
  the red stone. And, the round cut ruby stone
  exposes the diverse facets of the stone and it
  appears enormously beautiful when it is worn in
  the form of rings, necklaces, bracelets or
  pendants.

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Princess-Cut Ruby Stone

• The princess cut ruby stone appears sober and
  delicate because of its exact square shape cut
  and excellent polishing. A princess-cut ruby
  stone disparate all the inclusions and impurities
  from the stone.
• Therefore, the princess cut ruby stone is advised
• to be fixed in the rings and necklace.
• However, due to the distinc
• t cut of the stone, it appears best.

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Asscher Cut Ruby Stone

• The Asscher cut ruby gemstone is cut in steps
  consequently it reflects even minute details of
  the stone and looks highly appreciable when it is
  adopted in an engagement ring.
• The incremental cutting of this stone resembles
• a waterfall model it exhibits even the smallest
• details of the stone.
• Moreover, the brilliant quality of this stone
• and the clarity of this stone attracts everyone.
• Additionally, the price of the Asscher cuts ruby
  stone
• is high which puts a burden on the pocket of a
  person.

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Emerald-Cut Ruby Stone

• The emerald cut ruby gemstone is identical to
  Asscher cut ruby stone beside one inclusion that
  an emerald cut ruby stone is majorly square cut.
• The emerald cut ruby stone looks apprehensively
• beautiful when it is to be embedded
• in the rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.

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Oval Shape Ruby Stone

• The oval shape ruby stone is cut in an oval shape
  symmetrically. The stone resembles the shape of
  an egg and looks decent to adopt in an engagement
  ring.

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Pear Shape Ruby Stone

• The pear shapes ruby stone is shaped like a
  teardrop, with one pointed end and another
  rounded one.

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Heart Shape Ruby Stone

• One of the perfect shape ruby stones that will
  definitely help you win the heart of your love
  interest is heart-shaped ruby stone. And, it is
  being considered one of the best cut or shape
  ruby stone for an engagement ring.

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Cushion Shape Ruby Stone

• The cushion shapes ruby stone appears like a
  pillow with a square cut with a rounded corner.
  Since making, it better or perfect for an
  engagement ring.
• These are the major shapes of the stone ruby.
  However, the ruby stone can also be cut into
  other shapes as well, however the
  above-mentioned shapes are the most popular ruby
  stone shapes.

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Cut

• A rubys cut refers to how the stone is faceted,
  its dimensions, and overall symmetry. Unlike with
  diamonds, rubies are not graded on cut quality.
  This is because the cut of a ruby is much less of
  an important factor to consider than its color
  and clarity.
• But as is the case with most gemstones, the true
  glow of the ruby is only revealed after a quality
  cut that maximizes light return and color. There
  are four factors gem cutters must keep in mind
  when cutting sapphires and rubies.
• Maximize color, Maximize carat weight., Minimize
  inclusions.
• Keep in mind what shape the consumer wants, i.e.,
  round, oval, pear, cushion, cabochon, etc.

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Carat

• Finally, lets consider the rubys carat weight.
  As youve probably already guessed, the heavier
  the carat weight of the ruby, the bigger the
  price tag. Because larger gemstones are rarer
  than smaller gemstones, youll pay more for a
  larger ruby based on the laws of supply and
  demand.
• CONSIDER AN NON-ROUNDED CARAT WEIGHT FOR BETTER
  VALUE
• Having said that, you should also be aware that
  there are usually price jumps when you hit one
  carat, as well as three and five carats. If you
  want to buy a one carat ruby, consider going for
  a 0.9 ct. Instead. While you wont notice the
  difference in the size of the stone once its
  set, youll definitely notice the savings in your
  wallet

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TYPES OF RUBIES

• Rubies come from all around the world and are
  available in a range of different shapes and red
  shades. However, most rubies are categorized into
  certain types based on the country or region from
  which theyre mined. Common types include
• . Burmese rubies.
• . Thai rubies.
• . African rubies
• . Pigeon Blood rubies

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RUBIES VS. DIAMONDS

• Rubies are increasingly becoming an alternative
  to diamonds for engagement rings and other
  jewelry. Differences between rubies and diamonds
  include
• 1. Color. The most obvious difference between
  ruby and diamond is color. Although most diamonds
  are white, or colorless, they can also be yellow,
  pink, champagne-colored or, in some cases, even
  red.
• 2. Brilliance. Rubies arent typically prized for
  their brilliance and wont display brilliance or
  fire like diamonds. Instead, the main factor that
  determines a rubys beauty and value is its
  color.

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3. Hardness. Diamonds are harder than rubies,
scoring 10 on the Mohs scale compared to 9 for
rubies. Despite this, both are hard gemstones
that wont get damaged easily if worn daily.
4. Cost. As we mentioned earlier, rubies are
generally significantly less expensive than
diamonds. However, some rubies with exceptional
natural color may command prices similar to those
of diamonds, or even higher.
5. Tradition. Diamonds are commonly associated
with romance and engagement, while rubies tend to
be given as birthstones or for anniversaries.
However, this is changing, with ruby engagement
rings becoming more commonplace.
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RUBIES VS. SAPPHIRES

• Rubies and sapphires are both varieties of the
  mineral corundum and share a large amount of the
  same chemistry. Both score 9 on the Mohs scale
  of hardness, making them highly durable gemstones
  that can safely be worn every day.
• The key difference between rubies and sapphires
  is chemistry and color. Rubies contain trace
  amounts of the element chromium, which gives the
  stone its red color. Sapphires may contain
  several different trace elements that contribute
  to their color.

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THANK YOU