Title: RRESEARCH SUPPORT
1SUPPORT OF OTHER INSTITUTIOS TO PHYTOSANITORY
SERVICE OF ETHIOPIA
Jan. , 2021 //////, Adama
2OUTLINE
- Introduction
- International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO)
- Provisions of IPPC to NPPO
- Support areas to NPPO
3Introduction
- Quarantine means an official confinement of
regulated articles for observation and research
or for further inspection, testing and/or
treatment (PQ Decree) - All activities designed to prevent the
introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests or
to ensure their official control FAO, 1990
revised FAO, 1995
4Introduction
- Regulated pest means a quarantine pest or a
regulated non-quarantine pest IPPC, 1997 - Regulated article means Any plant, plant product,
storage place, packaging, conveyance, container,
soil and any other organism, object or material
capable of harbouring or spreading pests, deemed
to require phytosanitary measures, particularly
where international transportation is involved
FAO, 1990 revised FAO, 1995 IPPC, 1997 - Phytosanitary measure means any legislation,
regulation or official procedure having the
purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread
of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic
impact of regulated non-quarantine pests (PQ
Regulation)
5Introduction
What qualifies What qualifies What qualifies
Defining criteria Quarantine pest RN Quarantine pest
Pest status Absent or of limited distribution Present may be widely distributed
Economic impact Impact is predicted Impact is known
Pathway Phytosanitary measure for all pathways Phytosanitory measures only on plants for planting
Official control Under official control if present with the aim of eradication or containment Under official control with the respect to the specified plants for planting with the aim of suppression
6Introduction
- INTRODUCTION OF NEW PLANT PESTS
- Invasion and the establishment of empires spread
cultivated plants within the ancient empires of
the Middle East, the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans - The establishment of trade routes as a result of
surplus production and/or absence of certain
crops - (China, South-East Asia and the Middle East and
East Africa) facilitated the transport of crops
such as rice, sugarcane, soybean and bananas,
together with their attendant pests - The silk route established between Asia and Europe
7Introduction
- Movement of people, particularly with the
development of mass tourism during the past few
decades - Collection of food plants, seeds of ornamentals
by specialist collectors without any tests of
presence of pests - Use of containers have facilitated the handling
of plants, and the introduction of refrigeration
make conditions suitable for survival of pests - Increased rapidity of long-distance transport of
plants - Not only through trade but also with war
Camouflaging with plants and plant parts during
war
8Concept of Quarantine
- Ancient
- An early mention of isolation occurs in the
Biblical book of Leviticus Articl 13 (2-6),
written in the 7th century BC or perhaps earlier,
which describes the procedure for separating out
infected people to prevent the spread of disease
under the Mosaic Law - If the shiny spot on the skin is white but does
not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair
in it has not turned white, the priest is to
isolate the affected person for seven days. - On the seventh day, the priest is to examine him,
and if he sees that the sore is unchanged and has
not spread in the skin, he is to isolate him for
another seven days.
9- Medieval Islamic worldedit
- Ibn Sina also recommended quarantine for patients
with infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.
10 - The mandatory hospital quarantine of special
groups of patients, including those with leprosy,
started early in Islamic history.11 Between 706
and 707 the sixth Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I built
the first hospital in Damascus and issued an
order to isolate those infected with leprosy from
other patients in the hospital.1213 The
practice of mandatory quarantine of leprosy in
general hospitals continued until the year 1431,
when the Ottomans built a leprosy hospital
in Edirne. Incidents of quarantine occurred
throughout the Muslim world, with evidence of
voluntary community quarantine in some of these
reported incidents. The first documented
involuntary community quarantine was established
by the Ottoman quarantine reform in 1838.14
10- Medieval Europeedit
- The word "quarantine" originates from quarantena,
the Venetian language form, meaning "forty
days".153 This is due to the 40-day isolation
of ships and people practised as a measure of
disease prevention related to the plague.15 Betw
een 1348 and 1359, the Black Death wiped out an
estimated 30 of Europe's population, and a
significant percentage of Asia's
population.15 Such a disaster led governments
to establish measures of containment to handle
recurrent epidemics.15 A document from 1377
states that before entering the city-state
of Ragusa in Dalmatia (modern Dubrovnik in
Croatia), newcomers had to spend 30 days
(a trentine) in a restricted place (originally
nearby islands) waiting to see whether the
symptoms of Black Death would develop.15 In
1448 the Venetian Senate prolonged the waiting
period to 40 days, thus giving birth to the term
"quarantine".1 The forty-day quarantine proved
to be an effective formula for handling outbreaks
of the plague. Dubrovnik was the first city in
Europe to set up quarantine sites such as
the Lazzarettos of Dubrovnik where arriving ship
personnel were held for up to 40
days.16 According to current estimates, the
bubonic plague had a 37-day period from infection
to death therefore, the European quarantines
would have been highly successful in determining
the health of crews from potential trading and
supply ships.17
11- Other diseases lent themselves to the practice of
quarantine before and after the devastation of
the plague. Those afflicted with leprosy were
historically isolated long-term from society, and
attempts were made to check the spread
of syphilis in northern Europe after 1492, the
advent of yellow fever in Spain at the beginning
of the 19th century, and the arrival of
Asiatic cholera in 1831. - Venice took the lead in measures to check the
spread of plague, having appointed three
guardians of public health in the first years of
the Black Death (1348).18 The next record of
preventive measures comes from Reggio/Modena in
1374. Venice founded the first lazaret (on a
small island adjoining the city) in 1403. In
1467 Genoa followed the example of Venice, and in
1476 the old leper hospital of Marseille was
converted into a plague hospital. The great
lazaret of Marseille, perhaps the most complete
of its kind, was founded in 1526 on the island
of Pomègues. The practice at all the
Mediterranean lazarets did not differ from the
English procedure in the Levantine and North
African trade. On the arrival of cholera in 1831
some new lazarets were set up at western ports,
notably a very extensive establishment
near Bordeaux, afterward turned to another use.
12- The concept of 'quarantine' is embedded in health
practices, attracting heightened interest during
episodes of epidemics. The term is strictly
related to plague and dates back to 1377, when
the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa (then
belonging to the Venetian Republic) officially
issued a 30-day isolation period for ships, that
became 40 days for land travellers. During the
next 100 years similar laws were introduced in
Italian and in French ports, and they gradually
acquired other connotations with respect to their
original implementation. Measures analogous to
those employed against the plague have been
adopted to fight against the disease termed the
Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in
recent times various countries have set up
official entities for the identification and
control of infections. Even more recently (2003)
the proposal of the constitution of a new
European monitoring, regulatory and research
institution has been made, since the already
available system of surveillance has found an
enormous challenge in the global emergency of the
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In the
absence of a targeted vaccine, general preventive
interventions have to be relied upon, including
high healthcare surveillance and public
information. Quarantine has, therefore, had a
rebound of celebrity and updated evidence
strongly suggests that its basic concept is still
fully valid.
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14- Modern historyedit
- The quarantine ship Rhin, at large in Sheerness.
Source National Maritime Museum of Greenwich,
London - Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged urban
communities in North America throughout the
late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries,
the best-known examples being the 1793
Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic19 and
outbreaks in Georgia (1856) and Florida
(1888).20 Cholera and smallpox epidemics
continued throughout the nineteenth century, and
plague epidemics affected Honolulu21 and San
Francisco from 1899 until 1901.22 State
governments generally relied on the cordon
sanitaire as a geographic quarantine measure to
control the movement of people into and out of
affected communities. During the 1918
influenza pandemic, some communities
instituted protective sequestration (sometimes
referred to as "reverse quarantine") to keep the
infected from introducing influenza into healthy
populations.23 Most Western countries
implemented a range of containment strategies,
including isolation, surveillance, and the
closure of schools, churches, theatres, and
public events. 24 - Isolating a village in Romania whose inhabitants
believe that doctors poison those suspected of
cholera (1911) - By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman
Empire had established quarantine stations,
including in Anatolia and the Balkans. For
example, at the port of Izmir, all ships and
their cargo would be inspected and those
suspected of carrying the plague would be towed
to separate docks and their personnel housed in
separate buildings for a determined period of
time. In Thessaly, along the Greek-Turkish
border, all travelers entering and exiting the
Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 915
days. Upon the appearance of the plague, the
quarantine stations would be militarised and
the Ottoman army would be involved in border
control and disease monitoring.25
15- International conventions 18521927edit
- Since 1852 several conferences were held
involving European powers, with a view to uniform
action in keeping out the infection from the East
and preventing its spread within Europe. All but
that of 1897 were concerned with cholera. No
result came of those at Paris (1852),
Constantinople (1866), Vienna (1874), and Rome
(1885), but each of the doctrine of the
subsequent one of constructive infection of a
ship as coming from a scheduled port, and an
approximation to the principles advocated by
Great Britain for many years. The principal
countries which retained the old system at the
time were Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, and
Russia (the British possessions at the time,
Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus, being under the
same influence). The aim of each international
sanitary convention had been to bind the
governments to a uniform minimum of preventive
action, with further restrictions permissible to
individual countries. The minimum specified by
international conventions was very nearly the
same as the British practice, which had been in
turn adapted to continental opinion in the matter
of the importation of rags. - The Venice convention of 30 January 1892 dealt
with cholera by the Suez Canal route that of
Dresden of 15 April 1893, with cholera within
European countries that of Paris of 3 April
1894, with cholera by the pilgrim traffic and
that of Venice, on 19 March 1897, was in
connection with the outbreak of plague in the
East, and the conference met to settle on an
international basis the steps to be taken to
prevent, if possible, its spread into Europe. An
additional convention was signed in Paris on 3
December 1903.26
16- A multilateral international sanitary convention
was concluded at Paris on 17 January
1912.27 This convention was most comprehensive
and was designated to replace all previous
conventions on that matter. It was signed by 40
countries and consisted of 160 articles.
Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were
exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920. Another
multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21
June 1926, to replace that of 1912. It was signed
by 58 countries worldwide and consisted of 172
articles.28 - In Latin America, a series of regional sanitary
conventions were concluded. Such a convention was
concluded in Rio de Janeiro on 12 June 1904. A
sanitary convention between the governments of
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay was
concluded in Montevideo on 21 April 1914.29 The
convention covers cases of Asiatic
cholera, oriental plague and yellow fever. It was
ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13
October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27
September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on
18 January 1921. - Sanitary conventions were also concluded between
European states. A Soviet-Latvian sanitary
convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which
ratifications were exchanged on 18 October
1923.30 A bilateral sanitary convention was
concluded between the governments of Latvia and
Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications
were exchanged on 7 April 1925.31 Another was
concluded between the governments of Germany and
Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and
entered into effect on 15 February
1923.32 Another one was signed between the
governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December
1922. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July
1923.33 The Polish government also concluded
such a convention with the Soviet government on 7
February 1923, for which ratifications were
exchanged on 8 January 1924.34 A sanitary
convention was also concluded between the
governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5
September 1925, for which ratifications were
exchanged on 22 October 1926.35 A convention
was signed between the governments of Germany and
Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications
were exchanged on 6 July 1927.36
17- One of the first points to be dealt with in 1897
was to settle the incubation period for this
disease, and the period to be adopted for
administrative purposes. It was admitted that the
incubation period was, as a rule, a comparatively
short one, namely, of some three or four days.
After much discussion, ten days was accepted by a
very large majority. The principle of disease
notification was unanimously adopted. Each
government had to notify to other governments on
the existence of plague within their several
jurisdictions and at the same time state the
measures of prevention that are being carried out
to prevent its diffusion. The area deemed to be
infected was limited to the actual district or
village where the disease prevailed, and no
locality was deemed to be infected merely because
of the importation into it of a few cases of
plague while there has been no diffusion of the
malady. As regards the precautions to be taken on
land frontiers, it was decided that during the
prevalence of plague every country had the
inherent right to close its land frontiers
against traffic. As regards the Red Sea, it was
decided after discussion that a healthy vessel
could pass through the Suez Canal, and continue
its voyage in the Mediterranean during the period
of incubation of the disease the prevention of
which is in question. It was also agreed that
vessels passing through the Canal in quarantine
might, subject to the use of the electric light,
coal in quarantine at Port Said by night as well
as by day and that passengers might embark in
quarantine at that port. Infected vessels, if
these carry a doctor and are provided with a
disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the
Canal, in quarantine, subject only to the landing
of those who were suffering from the plague. - In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected
of carrying infectious diseases have been
quarantined, as in the cases of Andrew
Speaker (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007)
and Kaci Hickox (Ebola, 2014). During the 195758
influenza pandemic and the 1968 flu pandemic,
several countries implemented measures to control
the spread of the disease. In addition, the World
Health Organization applied a global influenza
surveillance network.37 - During the 1994 plague in India, many people were
quarantined. Vessels and aircraft carrying
passengers were fumigated.38 39 - In the SARS epidemic, thousands of Chinese people
were quarantined and checkpoints to take
temperatures were set up.40 - Moving infected patients to isolation wards and
home-based self-quarantine of people potentially
exposed was the main way the Western African
Ebola virus epidemic was ended in 2016 members
of the 8th WHO Emergency Committee criticized
international travel restrictions imposed during
the epidemic as ineffective due to difficulty of
enforcement, and counterproductive as they slowed
down aid efforts.41
18- The People's Republic of China has employed mass
quarantines firstly of the city of Wuhan and
subsequently of all of Hubei province (population
55.5 million) in the COVID-19 pandemic. After
few weeks, the Italian government
imposed lockdowns in all the country (more than
60 million people) to stop the coronavirus
pandemic. Also during the COVID-19
pandemic, India quarantined itself from the world
for a period of one month4243 Most
governments around the world restricted or
advised against all non-essential travel to and
from countries and areas affected by the
outbreak.44 By late 2020, the virus had already
spread within communities in large parts of the
world, with many not knowing where or how they
were infected.45
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20Plant Quarantine
- In 1660, a quarantine law was enacted in Rouen,
France, ordering the eradication of barberry
plants from the vicinity of grain fields. The
first British legislation against a disease in
animals or plants was an Act of 1866 granting
emergency powers for the destruction of all
cattle affected by rinderpest which had been
introduced into Britain by imported Russian
cattle the previous year.
21Concept ..
- An embargo was passed in Germany to prevent
importation of plant and plant products from the
US to prevent the introduction of the Colorado
potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in
1873. In 1877, the United Kingdom Destructive
Insects Act was passed to prevent the importation
of the Colorado beetle.
22Science ..
23- In North America, the first legislative measures
against plant disease were promulgated by states
in 1875. Such measures included a series of laws
against peach yellows. - In 1891, the first plant quarantine measure was
initiated in US by setting up a seaport
inspection station at San Padro, California. - In 1912, the US Congress enacted the
Federal Plant Quarantine Act, which among other
things, prohibits the entry of plants into the
United States.
24- It was phylloxera gall louse (Phylloxera
vastatrix) that provided the initial stimulus for
the establishment of effective international
cooperation on plant disease legislation. The
aphid was introduced into Europe from America in
1865 and caused major losses in the vineyards of
France.
25Science ..
- The grape phylloxera, a tiny aphid-like insect,
feeds on the roots and leaves of grapevines. It
is native to US and all American grapes are
resistant to the pest - It had been introduced to France on grape
cuttings from the United States in 1859, for the
purpose of solving problem of powdery mildew
disease as the US grapes are resistant - The pest was established and became serious
problem. By 1900, 2/3 of all European vineyards
had been destroyed
26Phylloxera world distribution
Science ..
27- The first international plant protection
convention, the Phylloxera convention was signed
at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five
countries. This convention remained in force till
1951, when International Plant Protection
Convention under FAO was established at Rome.
This agreement was constituted with the purpose
of securing common and effective action to
prevent the introduction and spread of pests and
diseases of plants and plant products.
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29Concept ..
30Concept ..
31Concept ..
32Science and early regulatory plant protection
- Prior to the 1800s, decisions were largely based
on only a crude understanding of how pests
affected plant health however, the 1800s began a
time of scientific exploration, particularly in
the field of natural biology. - Countries began putting in place specific laws to
prevent the entry or spread of exotic pests. - Most of these laws came about due to the
introduction and/or spread of just a few key
pests like the Colorado potato beetle and grape
phylloxera.
33Science ..
- As a result of the devastating losses to the wine
industry, countries became aware of the need to
prevent the spread of this pest. - Representatives of Austria, France, Germany,
Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland gathered
in BERNE Switzerland - The first International Convention on Measures
to be Taken against Phylloxera vastatrix, signed
on 17 September, 1878
34Science ..
- Contents of the Convention
- The responsibility to give an official written
assurance on the Phylloxera-free (i.e. pest-free)
provenance of host material being traded
internationally - The prohibition of international trade in certain
kinds of material that might spread the pest - The designation of official bureau responsible
for administering such trade - Powers to inspect traded material and to take
remedial action on items not complying with the
requirements of the Convention - The prompt exchange of relevant information,
particularly on new outbreaks and - That all these measures were to be embodied in
national law by the participating countries - Convention revised in 1881 and 1889 signed in
Berne - Embodied many of the principles that are
recognized today in IPPC
35The first broad national phytosanitary laws
- Several countries all over the world began to
enact broad laws for plant protection and
establish national plant protection services
responsible for exercising those laws. - In 1887, Great Britain passed the Destructive
Insects Act and established a Board of
Agriculture. - In 1899, the Netherlands established a national
plant protection service whose purpose was to
prevent the introduction of new pests. - France and Germany also passed similar laws
restricting the movement of nursery stock and
fresh fruits.
36Broad
- Canada passed the San Jose Scale Act in 1898
after the pest was introduced into California,
and then later passed the Destructive Insects and
Pests Act in 1910, to prevent entry and spread of
pests. - The act was to limit importations into Canada to
certain seasons of the year, presumably as a
measure to reduce the risk of pest establishment.
37International Cooperation Finding Solutions
Through Mutual Interests
- Development of internationally coordinated plant
protection regulations and scientific research
were given due attention (phylloxera into Europe
other pests into the USA) - In the late 1800s, scientists all over the world
recognized the need to exchange scientific
information about pests, particularly with
respect to control and prevention of those pests.
38International Cooperation
- In 1891, a Swedish botanist named Jacob Eriksson
called attention to the need for international
cooperation to prevent the spread of pests at the
International Congress for Agriculture and
Forestry meeting at The Hague. - He continued his efforts, and in 1903 he
presented the cause again to the International
Congress, meeting in Rome (Ebbels, 2003)
39International Cooperation
- Around the same time, an American named David
Lubin was petitioning governments in Europe for
the formation of an international organization
that would gather and disseminate information on
agricultural issues. - Because of the efforts of these two men, and wide
support from scientists and scientific
organizations, the International Institute of
Agriculture was established in Rome in 1905,
under the support of the King of Italy. - One of the objectives of the Institute was the
better control of plant diseases (Orton, 1914
Castonguay, 2010)
40International Cooperation
- Professor Cuboni suggested that the General
Assembly of the international Institute of
Agriculture adopt several recommendations with
regard to phytosanitary inspections for moving
plants in trade that stated - 1. Organize, if they have not already done so, a
government service of phytopathological
inspection and control, especially for nurseries
and establishments trading in living plants
intended for reproduction. - 2. Enact that all consignments of plants intended
for reproduction be accompanied by a certificate
41International Cooperation
- The recommendations further called for
cooperation at the inter-governmental level was
met when countries adopted the International
Convention for the Protection of Plants,
originally in 1914 and revised in 1929. - But was only weakly supported due to Second World
War kept countries from fully supporting the new
international treaty for plant protection
42International Cooperation
- After the Second World War, there were renewed
efforts for cooperation in international plant
protection at the intergovernmental level. - Then United Nations (UN) and the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN was
established in Rome, Italy replacing the
International Institute of Agriculture. - Member countries of the FAO began drafting a new
plant protection agreement and in 1951 adopted
the IPPC. superseded all previous plant
protection agreements - The IPPC was subsequently revised in 1979 and
again in 1997
43The IPPC
- The International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral
treaty overseen by the Food and Agriculture
Organization that aims to secure coordinated,
effective action to prevent and to control the
introduction and spread of pests of plants and
plant products. - The IPPC was created by member countries of
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. The IPPC places emphasis on three
core areas international standard setting,
information exchange and capacity development for
the implementation of the IPPC and associated
international phytosanitary standards. The
Secretariat of the IPPC is housed at FAO
headquarters in Rome, Italy, and is responsible
for the coordination of core activities under the
IPPC work program. - The Convention created a governing body
consisting of each party, known as the Commission
on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees the
implementation of the Convention. As of August
2017, the Convention has 183 parties, which
includes 180 United Nations member states,
the Cook Islands, Niue, and the European Union. - The Convention is recognized by the World Trade
Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application
of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS
Agreement) as the only international standard
setting body for plant health.
44183 contracting parties (August , 2017) across
seven FAO regions and 10 RPPOs
EPPO 1951
NAPPO 1976
APPPC 1956
IPPC 1951
NEPPO 2012
OIRSA 1953
CAN
IAPSC 1954
PPPO 1994
COSAVE 1980
45- The Convention extends beyond the protection of
cultivated plants to the protection of natural
flora and plant products. It also takes into
consideration both direct and indirect damage by
pests, so it includes weeds. - While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and
plant products moving in international trade, the
Convention also covers research materials,
biological control organisms, germplasm banks,
containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid
and anything else that can act as a vector for
the spread of plant pests for example,
containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles,
vessels and machinery.
46- In recent years the Commission of Phytosanitary
Measures of the IPPC has developed a strategic
framework with the objectives of - protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing
global food security through the prevention of
pest spread - protecting the environment, forests and
biodiversity from plant pests - facilitating economic and trade development
through the promotion of harmonized
scientifically based phytosanitary measures, and - developing phytosanitary capacity for members to
accomplish the preceding three objectives.
47- By focusing the Convention's efforts on these
objectives, the Commission on Phytosanitary
Measures of the IPPC intends to - protect farmers from economically devastating
pest and disease outbreaks. - protect the environment from the loss of species
diversity. - protect ecosystems from the loss of viability and
function as a result of pest invasions. - protect industries and consumers from the costs
of pest control or eradication. - facilitate trade through International Standards
that regulate the safe movements of plants and
plant products. - protect livelihoods and food security by
preventing the entry and spread of new pests of
plants into a country.
48The IPPC
- Aim of the IPPC
- Prevent introduction and spread of pests
- Pest Any species, strain or biotype of plant,
animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants
or plant products (ISPM 5 Glossary of
Phytosanitary Terms) - Covers a wide range of plants aims at
protecting them from a wide range of pests
Plants cultivated plants and wild flora Plant
pests invertebrates, diseases and weeds Harm
includes direct and indirect effects - Extends to items capable of harboring or
spreading pests, such as Conveyances and
storage places
49The IPPC
- Includes intentional introduction of organisms,
such as Biological control organisms
Research, industrial or other organisms
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51The IPPC
- Key principles
- Basic principles
- Operational principles
52The NPPO
- Obligations Establishment of a National Plant
Protection Organization (NPPO) to Regulate
imports Publish phytosanitary requirements
Conduct surveillance, treatments and certify
exports Issue phytosanitary certificates
Share information on pests and regulations
Notify trading partners of non-compliance
53Organizational structure
- Bodies established under the IPPC
- Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
composed of all contracting parties of IPPC - IPPC Secretariat
- Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPO)
- NPPO
54Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
Governing body for the IPPC Works by
consensus Reviews global plant protectionneeds
and sets the annual work Programme Develops and
adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures (ISPMs) Promotes technical assistance
and information exchange Provides dispute
settlement mechanisms as required
55Commission on Phytosanitary Measures
- CPM bodies
- Bureau
- Informal Working Group on Strategic Planning and
Technical Assistance - Standards Committee
- Subsidiary Body on Dispute Settlement
- Informal Working Groups
- Expert Working Groups and Technical Panels
56Organizational Structure (2)
- Bureau
- Selected by the CPM
- Seven representatives, one from each FAO region
including chair person and vice - Provides direction to Secretariat on behalf of
the CPM - Meets at least 3 times per year (June, October
and March)
57RPPOs
Acronym Full name Representative of region
APPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Asia the Pacific
CAN Comunidad Andina South America
COSAVE Comite de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur South America
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant ProtectionOrganization Europe Mediterranean
IAPSC Inter-African Phytosanitary Council African countries
NEPPO Near East Plant Protection Organization Near East
NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organization North America
OIRSA Organismo Internacional Regional de SanidadAgropecuaria Central America
PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organization The Pacific Community
58International phytosanitary activities today are
governed
- IPPC governed by FAO
- WTO-SPS governed by World Trade Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -
- CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
governed by UNEP
59IPPC-WTO relationship
- Both are Independent organizations linked through
the SPS Agreement ( 3 pillars) - WTO and IPPC are international treaties (Codex
and OIE do not have treaty status) - Different memberships, different governance
- The IPPC is a protection agreement that makes
provisions for trade the SPS is a trade
agreement that makes provisions for protection.
60IPPC-CBD relationship
- CBD seeks to identify, control, eradicate or have
measures in place to manage pathways to prevent
the introduction and establishment of invasive
alien species (IAS) ecosystems, habitats and
other species (CBD, 2010). - While the CBD addresses biodiversity and the
environment in general, the IPPC specifically
concentrates on IAS that are pests of plants and
provides guidance for protection against them
(IPPC, 2012a).
61IPPC (1997)articles
- ARTICLE I (1) Purpose and responsibility
- ARTICLE II(2) Use of terms
- RTICLE III(3) Relationship with other
international agreements - ARTICLE IV (4) General provisions relating to
the organizational arrangements for NPPO - ARTICLE V (5) Phytosanitary certification
- ARTICLE VI (6) Regulated pests
- ARTICLE VII (7) Requirements in relation to
imports - ARTICLE VIII (8) International cooperation
- ARTICLE IX (9) Regional plant protection
organizations - ARTICLE X (10) Standards
- ARTICLE XI (11)Commission on Phytosanitary
Measures
- ARTICLE XII (12) Secretariat
- ARTICLE XIII (13) Settlement of disputes
- ARTICLE XIV (14)Substitution of prior agreements
- ARTICLE XV (15) Territorial application
- ARTICLE XVI (16) supplementary agreements
- ARTICLE XVII (17) Ratification and adherence
- ARTICLE XVIII (18) Non-contracting parties
- ARTICLE XIX (19) Languages
- ARTICLE XX (20) Technical assistance
- ARTICLE XXI (21) Amendment
- ARTICLE XXII (22) Entry into force
- ARTICLE XXIII (23) Denunciation
62Summary of articles
- Articles I and III (1-3)
- The IPPC establishes the principle that all
countries have a joint responsibility in plant
quarantine to adhere to the rules agreed, without
prejudice to obligations under other
international agreements - ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
the protection of plants and the application of
phytosanitary measures in international trade.
63Summary of articles
- Articles IV provisions to NPPO (4)
- Establish an official NPPO and provide its
description to the IPPC Secretary (PQ R 4/92) - Issuance of phytosanitary certificates
- Surveillance of plants (for detection of pests)
ISPM 6 Guidelines for surveillance - Inspection and, if necessary, treatment to meet
phytosanitary requirements, of regulated items
moving in international trade ISPM 23 Guidelines
for inspection, ISPM 28 Phytosanitary treatments
for regulated pests, ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols
for regulated pests - Protection of areas open to the establishment of
a quarantine pest - Performing pest risk analyses ISPM 2 Framework
for pest risk analysis - Ensuring the integrity of regulated consignments
between phytosanitary certification and export - Training of staff
- In addition to the best of their ability issue
their phytosanitary regulations, publicize
information concerning regulated pests and their
control, and provide for research on relevant
problems
64Summary of articles
- Articles V Phytosanitary certificates (5)
- FAO model certificate not to use certificates of
different format - Electronic form if acceptable to the importing
country - Inspections and related activities are to be done
by technically qualified public officials acting
under the authorization of the official national
plant protection organization (ISPM 12)
65Summary of articles
- Articles VI and VII Regulated pests
requirements in relation to imports(6-7) - National phytosanitary regulations are required
to be embodied in national law and published - All phytosanitary measures must be limited to
what can be technically justified and applied
equally to both imports and domestic production - Measures must be reviewed as necessary
- ISPM 20 Guidelines for a phytosanitary import
regulatory system
66Summary of articles
- Articles VIII, IX and X int. coops, RPPO,
standards (8-10) - Each contracting party must designate a contact
point for exchange of information, and is obliged
to cooperate as fully as possible - Cooperation is also obligatory for establishing
RPPOs and in the development of international
standards for phytosanitary measures
67Summary ..
- Articles XI and XII (11-12)
- Provide for the establishment of a Commission on
Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) within the framework
of the FAO and for a Secretariat to administer it
68Summary
- ARTICLE XIII Dispute settlment (13)
- If there is any dispute regarding the
interpretation or application of this Convention,
concerned contracting parties shall consult among
themselves as soon as possible with a view to
resolving the dispute. - Director-General of FAO to appoint a committee of
experts
69Summary
- Articles XIV to XXIII (14-23)
- Substitution of prior agreements (but not the
Phylloxera convention of 1878), - Territorial application,
- Supplementary agreements,
- Ratification and adherence,
- Non-contracting parties,
- Languages, (Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian, Spanish) - Technical assistance,
- Amendment,
- Entry into force and
- Denunciation
70Why is the need for standards?
- Trade is growing in volume and complexity
- There is an increased risk of the introduction
and spread of pests harmful to plant species -
- Trade in plants and plant products is the major
portion of agriculture trade
71Standard setting committee
- Subsidiary Body of the IPPC
- Oversees the standard-setting process
- Manages the development of ISPMs
- Provides guidance to technical panels and expert
drafting groups
72(No Transcript)
73(No Transcript)
74Stage 1
Developing the List of topics Identify a
problem Consult within the NPPO, with
industry,academia, other government agencies,
etc. Is there a regional (RPPO) standard? Is
there an IPPC standard? Propose a solution
revision or new ISPM IPPC contracting parties
and RPPOs submitideas for ISPMs SC reviews the
proposals CPM adds the proposals to the List of
topics
75Stage 1
- What is a specification? A document that guides
the drafting group when drafting the ISPM
Provides the scope of the ISPM Details the
tasks and the desired expertise of the drafting
group Technical Panels also have specifications
directing their work and composition
76Stage 2
- Drafting Draft specification is attached to the
submitted topic Before the specification is
approved, all contracting parties have the
opportunity to comment on it Consult within the
NPPO, with industry, academia, other government
agencies, etc. The SC approves the specification
77- Answer Yes! Once the SC approves the
specification, theSecretariat issues a call for
experts The call includes the date and location
of the meeting, and the expertise required for
the subject matter experts
78Expert drafting groups (EDGs)
- Expert Working Group (EWG) 1 meeting, 1 draft
ISPM Technical Panels (TPs) with ongoing work
on Phytosanitary Treatments (TPPT)
Diagnostic Protocols (TPDP) Forest Quarantine
(TPFQ) Fruit Flies (TPFF) Glossary of
Phytosanitary Terms (TPG) - SC approval for consultation EDG drafts the
standard SC decides whether to approve it for
consultation or whether it needs more work
79Stage 3. Consultation
-
- Opportunity for contracting parties to review and
comment on draft ISPMs Lasts 90 days 1 July to
30 September Draft ISPMs submitted to 2
consultations After first consultation Standards
Committee Working Group (SC-7) - Seven SC members, one from each region meets the
week after the May - Review the draft ISPMs and comments from first
consultation - Decides whether to approve it for second
consultation or whether it needs more work
80Where does the draft ISPM go afterthe SC-7 has
approved it
- Second consultation and SC review Second
consultation, 90 days The SC reviews comments
from second consultation - The SC can send the draft ISPM to the CPM for
adoption return it to the steward submit it
for another consultation put it on hold
81What happens after the SCrecommends the draft to
the CPM for adoption?
82Before the CPM meeting
- Contracting parties can review the draft ISPMs at
least six weeks before the CPM meeting - If contracting party disagree with the adoption
of a draft ISPM, it can submit an objection
83Objections
- Must include technical justification and
suggestions for improvement to the draft ISPM,
which other contracting parties are likely to
accept - The IPPC Official Contact Point submits the
objection to the Secretariat no later than three
weeks before the CPM meeting - The CPM decides on the way forward
84Stage 4 Adoption and publication
- If approved no objection adoption of the
standard is made by CPM!
85- How long does a single ISPM takes to develop?
86The process
87Adopted standards (1993-2017)
88ISPMs
- ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
the protection of plants and the application of
phytosanitary measures in international trade - ISPM No. 2 (2007) Framework for pest risk
analysis - ISPM No. 3 (2005) Guidelines for the export,
shipment, import and release of biological
control agents and other beneficial organisms - ISPM No. 4 (1995) Requirements for the
establishment of pest free areas - ISPM No. 5 (2009) Glossary of phytosanitary terms
- ISPM No. 6 (1997) Guidelines for surveillance
- ISPM No. 7 (1997) Export certification system
- ISPM No. 8 (1998) Determination of pest status in
an area - ISPM No. 9 (1998) Guidelines for pest eradication
programmes - ISPM No. 10 (1999) Requirements for the
establishment of pest free places of production
and pest free production sites - ISPM No. 11 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
quarantine pests, including analysis of
environmental risks and living modified organisms - ISPM No. 12 (2001) Guidelines for phytosanitary
certificates - ISPM No. 13 (2001) Guidelines for the
notification of non-compliance and emergency
action - ISPM No. 14 (2002) The use of integrated measures
in a systems approach for pest risk management - ISPM No. 15 (2009) Guidelines for regulating wood
packaging material in international trade - ISPM No. 16 (2002) Regulated non-quarantine
pests concept and application - ISPM No. 17 (2002) Pest reporting
89ISPMs
- ISPM No. 18 (2003) Guidelines for the use of
irradiation as a phytosanitary measure - ISPM No. 19 (2003) Guidelines on lists of
regulated pests - ISPM No. 20 (2004) Guidelines for a phytosanitary
import regulatory system - ISPM No. 21 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
regulated non-quarantine pests - ISPM No. 22 (2005) Requirements for the
establishment of areas of low pest prevalence - ISPM No. 23 (2005) Guidelines for inspection
- ISPM No. 24 (2005) Guidelines for the
determination and recognition of equivalence of
phytosanitary measures - ISPM No. 25 (2006) Consignments in transit
- ISPM No. 26 (2006) Establishment of pest free
areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae) - ISPM No. 27 (2006) Diagnostic protocols for
regulated pests - ISPM No. 28 (2009) Phytosanitary treatments for
regulated pests - ISPM No. 29 (2007) Recognition of pest free areas
and areas of low pest prevalence - ISPM No. 30 (2008) Establishment of areas of low
pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae) - ISPM No. 31 (2008) Methodologies for sampling
consignments - ISPM No. 32 (2009) Categorization of commodities
according to their pest risk - ISPM No. 33 (2010) pest free potato (solanum
spp.) micropropagative material and minitubers - for international trade
90ISPMs
- ISPM No. 34 (2010) design and operation of
post-entry quarantine stations for plants - ISPM No. 35 (2012) systems approach for pest
risk management of fruit flies (tephritidae) - ISPM No. 36 (2012) integrated measures for plants
for planting - ISPM No. 37 (2016) Determination of host status
of fruit to fruit ?ies (Tephritidae) - ISPM 38 (2017) on the International Movement of
Seed A TRAINING MANUAL PREPARED BY
THEInternational Seed Federation ISPM No. 39
(2017) International movement of wood ISPM No.
40 (2017) International movement of growing media
in association with plants for planting - ISPM No. 41 (2017) International movement of
used vehicles, machinery and equipment
91EXPORT
IMPORT
Import Permit ISPM 20
Inspection plants, growing media
ISPM 7, 23, 20, 40, 41
Inspection plants, growing media, used
ISPM 3
ISPM 12
Authorization
IISPM 13
Certification
Response to NC notification
Bio-agents
IISPM 15,39
NC notification
IISPM 8, 19
Wood movement
Wood movement
IISPM 28
IISPM 2, 21
PQ pest list
IISPM 7
IISPM 6
PQ pest list
Treatment super.
PRA
IISPM 34
ISPM 4,22,26
Active growth insp.
Surveillance
ISPM 27
PEQ
Pest free area
Diagnosis
Diagnosis Identification
92Diagnostics can provide essential information
- To clarify which specific pest risks need to be
analyzed (pest risk analysis (IPPC Article
IV.2(f) ISPMs 2 and 11) - For the establishment of appropriate
phytosanitary import measures (Article VII ISPM
20), because these measures should be based on
pest risk analysis, which should be supported by
diagnostics - For import verification (Article VII ISPM 20)
and inspection (Article VII ISPM 20) and
notification of non-compliance (Article VII ISPM
13), because diagnostics are essential to ensure
the accurate identity of the pest intercepted - For surveillance (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 6),
because diagnostics provide essential information
on organisms collected through specific surveys,
in order to provide accurate information on pest
status (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 8), which
contributes to regulator actions such as
inclusion of pests on lists of regulated pests
(ISPM 19) and pest reporting (ISPM 17)
93IISPM 2, 21
IISPM 13
IISPM 20, 23
IISPM 34
IISPM 9
ISPM 27
IISPM 8,19
IISPM 6
IISPM 17
IISPM 8
IISPM 7
IISPM 6, 9, 27,
94 95- 5.4 Research The IPPC states Each contracting
party shall make provision, to the best of its
ability, for ... research and investigation in
the field of plant protection (IPPC, 1997
Article IV.3(b)). It follows that, where existing
means of plant protection are inadequate for
controlling pests of plants and plant products
and in preventing their introduction and spread
into endangered areas, research should be
undertaken to the extent of the ability of
contracting parties. Specific topics for research
of interest to NPPOs could cover pest biology,
identification and diagnostics pest
surveillance methods and procedures inspection
methods treatments PRA procedures pest
control methods. Where topics for research are
identified, the NPPO should determine the most
appropriate means of achieving a successful
outcome. A thorough literature review will
identify the results of previous research, if
any, and whether these provide the necessary
information. If further work is needed, the NPPO
should develop a detailed proposal for further
consideration by an appropriate national or
international research organization.