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Title: RRESEARCH SUPPORT


1
SUPPORT OF OTHER INSTITUTIOS TO PHYTOSANITORY
SERVICE OF ETHIOPIA
  • TEKLU BAISSA
  • MoA
  • NPQS

Jan. , 2021 //////, Adama
2
OUTLINE
  • Introduction
  • International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
  • National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO)
  • Provisions of IPPC to NPPO
  • Support areas to NPPO

3
Introduction
  • Quarantine means an official confinement of
    regulated articles for observation and research
    or for further inspection, testing and/or
    treatment (PQ Decree)
  • All activities designed to prevent the
    introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests or
    to ensure their official control FAO, 1990
    revised FAO, 1995

4
Introduction
  • Regulated pest means a quarantine pest or a
    regulated non-quarantine pest IPPC, 1997
  • Regulated article means Any plant, plant product,
    storage place, packaging, conveyance, container,
    soil and any other organism, object or material
    capable of harbouring or spreading pests, deemed
    to require phytosanitary measures, particularly
    where international transportation is involved
    FAO, 1990 revised FAO, 1995 IPPC, 1997
  • Phytosanitary measure means any legislation,
    regulation or official procedure having the
    purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread
    of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic
    impact of regulated non-quarantine pests (PQ
    Regulation)

5
Introduction
What qualifies What qualifies What qualifies
Defining criteria Quarantine pest RN Quarantine pest
Pest status Absent or of limited distribution Present may be widely distributed
Economic impact Impact is predicted Impact is known
Pathway Phytosanitary measure for all pathways Phytosanitory measures only on plants for planting
Official control Under official control if present with the aim of eradication or containment Under official control with the respect to the specified plants for planting with the aim of suppression
6
Introduction
  • INTRODUCTION OF NEW PLANT PESTS
  • Invasion and the establishment of empires spread
    cultivated plants within the ancient empires of
    the Middle East, the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
  • The establishment of trade routes as a result of
    surplus production and/or absence of certain
    crops
  • (China, South-East Asia and the Middle East and
    East Africa) facilitated the transport of crops
    such as rice, sugarcane, soybean and bananas,
    together with their attendant pests
  • The silk route established between Asia and Europe

7
Introduction
  • Movement of people, particularly with the
    development of mass tourism during the past few
    decades
  • Collection of food plants, seeds of ornamentals
    by specialist collectors without any tests of
    presence of pests
  • Use of containers have facilitated the handling
    of plants, and the introduction of refrigeration
    make conditions suitable for survival of pests
  • Increased rapidity of long-distance transport of
    plants
  • Not only through trade but also with war
    Camouflaging with plants and plant parts during
    war

8
Concept of Quarantine
  • Ancient
  • An early mention of isolation occurs in the
    Biblical book of Leviticus Articl 13 (2-6),
    written in the 7th century BC or perhaps earlier,
    which describes the procedure for separating out
    infected people to prevent the spread of disease
    under the Mosaic Law
  • If the shiny spot on the skin is white but does
    not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair
    in it has not turned white, the priest is to
    isolate the affected person for seven days.
  • On the seventh day, the priest is to examine him,
    and if he sees that the sore is unchanged and has
    not spread in the skin, he is to isolate him for
    another seven days.

9
  • Medieval Islamic worldedit
  • Ibn Sina also recommended quarantine for patients
    with infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.
    10
  • The mandatory hospital quarantine of special
    groups of patients, including those with leprosy,
    started early in Islamic history.11 Between 706
    and 707 the sixth Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I built
    the first hospital in Damascus and issued an
    order to isolate those infected with leprosy from
    other patients in the hospital.1213 The
    practice of mandatory quarantine of leprosy in
    general hospitals continued until the year 1431,
    when the Ottomans built a leprosy hospital
    in Edirne. Incidents of quarantine occurred
    throughout the Muslim world, with evidence of
    voluntary community quarantine in some of these
    reported incidents. The first documented
    involuntary community quarantine was established
    by the Ottoman quarantine reform in 1838.14

10
  • Medieval Europeedit
  • The word "quarantine" originates from quarantena,
    the Venetian language form, meaning "forty
    days".153 This is due to the 40-day isolation
    of ships and people practised as a measure of
    disease prevention related to the plague.15 Betw
    een 1348 and 1359, the Black Death wiped out an
    estimated 30 of Europe's population, and a
    significant percentage of Asia's
    population.15 Such a disaster led governments
    to establish measures of containment to handle
    recurrent epidemics.15 A document from 1377
    states that before entering the city-state
    of Ragusa in Dalmatia (modern Dubrovnik in
    Croatia), newcomers had to spend 30 days
    (a trentine) in a restricted place (originally
    nearby islands) waiting to see whether the
    symptoms of Black Death would develop.15 In
    1448 the Venetian Senate prolonged the waiting
    period to 40 days, thus giving birth to the term
    "quarantine".1 The forty-day quarantine proved
    to be an effective formula for handling outbreaks
    of the plague. Dubrovnik was the first city in
    Europe to set up quarantine sites such as
    the Lazzarettos of Dubrovnik where arriving ship
    personnel were held for up to 40
    days.16 According to current estimates, the
    bubonic plague had a 37-day period from infection
    to death therefore, the European quarantines
    would have been highly successful in determining
    the health of crews from potential trading and
    supply ships.17

11
  • Other diseases lent themselves to the practice of
    quarantine before and after the devastation of
    the plague. Those afflicted with leprosy were
    historically isolated long-term from society, and
    attempts were made to check the spread
    of syphilis in northern Europe after 1492, the
    advent of yellow fever in Spain at the beginning
    of the 19th century, and the arrival of
    Asiatic cholera in 1831.
  • Venice took the lead in measures to check the
    spread of plague, having appointed three
    guardians of public health in the first years of
    the Black Death (1348).18 The next record of
    preventive measures comes from Reggio/Modena in
    1374. Venice founded the first lazaret (on a
    small island adjoining the city) in 1403. In
    1467 Genoa followed the example of Venice, and in
    1476 the old leper hospital of Marseille was
    converted into a plague hospital. The great
    lazaret of Marseille, perhaps the most complete
    of its kind, was founded in 1526 on the island
    of Pomègues. The practice at all the
    Mediterranean lazarets did not differ from the
    English procedure in the Levantine and North
    African trade. On the arrival of cholera in 1831
    some new lazarets were set up at western ports,
    notably a very extensive establishment
    near Bordeaux, afterward turned to another use.

12
  • The concept of 'quarantine' is embedded in health
    practices, attracting heightened interest during
    episodes of epidemics. The term is strictly
    related to plague and dates back to 1377, when
    the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa (then
    belonging to the Venetian Republic) officially
    issued a 30-day isolation period for ships, that
    became 40 days for land travellers. During the
    next 100 years similar laws were introduced in
    Italian and in French ports, and they gradually
    acquired other connotations with respect to their
    original implementation. Measures analogous to
    those employed against the plague have been
    adopted to fight against the disease termed the
    Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in
    recent times various countries have set up
    official entities for the identification and
    control of infections. Even more recently (2003)
    the proposal of the constitution of a new
    European monitoring, regulatory and research
    institution has been made, since the already
    available system of surveillance has found an
    enormous challenge in the global emergency of the
    severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In the
    absence of a targeted vaccine, general preventive
    interventions have to be relied upon, including
    high healthcare surveillance and public
    information. Quarantine has, therefore, had a
    rebound of celebrity and updated evidence
    strongly suggests that its basic concept is still
    fully valid.

13
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14
  • Modern historyedit
  • The quarantine ship Rhin, at large in Sheerness.
    Source National Maritime Museum of Greenwich,
    London
  • Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged urban
    communities in North America throughout the
    late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries,
    the best-known examples being the 1793
    Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic19 and
    outbreaks in Georgia (1856) and Florida
    (1888).20 Cholera and smallpox epidemics
    continued throughout the nineteenth century, and
    plague epidemics affected Honolulu21 and San
    Francisco from 1899 until 1901.22 State
    governments generally relied on the cordon
    sanitaire as a geographic quarantine measure to
    control the movement of people into and out of
    affected communities. During the 1918
    influenza pandemic, some communities
    instituted protective sequestration (sometimes
    referred to as "reverse quarantine") to keep the
    infected from introducing influenza into healthy
    populations.23 Most Western countries
    implemented a range of containment strategies,
    including isolation, surveillance, and the
    closure of schools, churches, theatres, and
    public events. 24
  • Isolating a village in Romania whose inhabitants
    believe that doctors poison those suspected of
    cholera (1911)
  • By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman
    Empire had established quarantine stations,
    including in Anatolia and the Balkans. For
    example, at the port of Izmir, all ships and
    their cargo would be inspected and those
    suspected of carrying the plague would be towed
    to separate docks and their personnel housed in
    separate buildings for a determined period of
    time. In Thessaly, along the Greek-Turkish
    border, all travelers entering and exiting the
    Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 915
    days. Upon the appearance of the plague, the
    quarantine stations would be militarised and
    the Ottoman army would be involved in border
    control and disease monitoring.25

15
  • International conventions 18521927edit
  • Since 1852 several conferences were held
    involving European powers, with a view to uniform
    action in keeping out the infection from the East
    and preventing its spread within Europe. All but
    that of 1897 were concerned with cholera. No
    result came of those at Paris (1852),
    Constantinople (1866), Vienna (1874), and Rome
    (1885), but each of the doctrine of the
    subsequent one of constructive infection of a
    ship as coming from a scheduled port, and an
    approximation to the principles advocated by
    Great Britain for many years. The principal
    countries which retained the old system at the
    time were Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, and
    Russia (the British possessions at the time,
    Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus, being under the
    same influence). The aim of each international
    sanitary convention had been to bind the
    governments to a uniform minimum of preventive
    action, with further restrictions permissible to
    individual countries. The minimum specified by
    international conventions was very nearly the
    same as the British practice, which had been in
    turn adapted to continental opinion in the matter
    of the importation of rags.
  • The Venice convention of 30 January 1892 dealt
    with cholera by the Suez Canal route that of
    Dresden of 15 April 1893, with cholera within
    European countries that of Paris of 3 April
    1894, with cholera by the pilgrim traffic and
    that of Venice, on 19 March 1897, was in
    connection with the outbreak of plague in the
    East, and the conference met to settle on an
    international basis the steps to be taken to
    prevent, if possible, its spread into Europe. An
    additional convention was signed in Paris on 3
    December 1903.26

16
  • A multilateral international sanitary convention
    was concluded at Paris on 17 January
    1912.27 This convention was most comprehensive
    and was designated to replace all previous
    conventions on that matter. It was signed by 40
    countries and consisted of 160 articles.
    Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were
    exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920. Another
    multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21
    June 1926, to replace that of 1912. It was signed
    by 58 countries worldwide and consisted of 172
    articles.28
  • In Latin America, a series of regional sanitary
    conventions were concluded. Such a convention was
    concluded in Rio de Janeiro on 12 June 1904. A
    sanitary convention between the governments of
    Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay was
    concluded in Montevideo on 21 April 1914.29 The
    convention covers cases of Asiatic
    cholera, oriental plague and yellow fever. It was
    ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13
    October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27
    September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on
    18 January 1921.
  • Sanitary conventions were also concluded between
    European states. A Soviet-Latvian sanitary
    convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which
    ratifications were exchanged on 18 October
    1923.30 A bilateral sanitary convention was
    concluded between the governments of Latvia and
    Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications
    were exchanged on 7 April 1925.31 Another was
    concluded between the governments of Germany and
    Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and
    entered into effect on 15 February
    1923.32 Another one was signed between the
    governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December
    1922. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July
    1923.33 The Polish government also concluded
    such a convention with the Soviet government on 7
    February 1923, for which ratifications were
    exchanged on 8 January 1924.34 A sanitary
    convention was also concluded between the
    governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5
    September 1925, for which ratifications were
    exchanged on 22 October 1926.35 A convention
    was signed between the governments of Germany and
    Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications
    were exchanged on 6 July 1927.36

17
  • One of the first points to be dealt with in 1897
    was to settle the incubation period for this
    disease, and the period to be adopted for
    administrative purposes. It was admitted that the
    incubation period was, as a rule, a comparatively
    short one, namely, of some three or four days.
    After much discussion, ten days was accepted by a
    very large majority. The principle of disease
    notification was unanimously adopted. Each
    government had to notify to other governments on
    the existence of plague within their several
    jurisdictions and at the same time state the
    measures of prevention that are being carried out
    to prevent its diffusion. The area deemed to be
    infected was limited to the actual district or
    village where the disease prevailed, and no
    locality was deemed to be infected merely because
    of the importation into it of a few cases of
    plague while there has been no diffusion of the
    malady. As regards the precautions to be taken on
    land frontiers, it was decided that during the
    prevalence of plague every country had the
    inherent right to close its land frontiers
    against traffic. As regards the Red Sea, it was
    decided after discussion that a healthy vessel
    could pass through the Suez Canal, and continue
    its voyage in the Mediterranean during the period
    of incubation of the disease the prevention of
    which is in question. It was also agreed that
    vessels passing through the Canal in quarantine
    might, subject to the use of the electric light,
    coal in quarantine at Port Said by night as well
    as by day and that passengers might embark in
    quarantine at that port. Infected vessels, if
    these carry a doctor and are provided with a
    disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the
    Canal, in quarantine, subject only to the landing
    of those who were suffering from the plague.
  • In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected
    of carrying infectious diseases have been
    quarantined, as in the cases of Andrew
    Speaker (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007)
    and Kaci Hickox (Ebola, 2014). During the 195758
    influenza pandemic and the 1968 flu pandemic,
    several countries implemented measures to control
    the spread of the disease. In addition, the World
    Health Organization applied a global influenza
    surveillance network.37
  • During the 1994 plague in India, many people were
    quarantined. Vessels and aircraft carrying
    passengers were fumigated.38 39
  • In the SARS epidemic, thousands of Chinese people
    were quarantined and checkpoints to take
    temperatures were set up.40
  • Moving infected patients to isolation wards and
    home-based self-quarantine of people potentially
    exposed was the main way the Western African
    Ebola virus epidemic was ended in 2016 members
    of the 8th WHO Emergency Committee criticized
    international travel restrictions imposed during
    the epidemic as ineffective due to difficulty of
    enforcement, and counterproductive as they slowed
    down aid efforts.41

18
  • The People's Republic of China has employed mass
    quarantines firstly of the city of Wuhan and
    subsequently of all of Hubei province (population
    55.5 million) in the COVID-19 pandemic. After
    few weeks, the Italian government
    imposed lockdowns in all the country (more than
    60 million people) to stop the coronavirus
    pandemic. Also during the COVID-19
    pandemic, India quarantined itself from the world
    for a period of one month4243 Most
    governments around the world restricted or
    advised against all non-essential travel to and
    from countries and areas affected by the
    outbreak.44 By late 2020, the virus had already
    spread within communities in large parts of the
    world, with many not knowing where or how they
    were infected.45

19
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20
Plant Quarantine
  • In 1660, a quarantine law was enacted in Rouen,
    France, ordering the eradication of barberry
    plants from the vicinity of grain fields. The
    first British legislation against a disease in
    animals or plants was an Act of 1866 granting
    emergency powers for the destruction of all
    cattle affected by rinderpest which had been
    introduced into Britain by imported Russian
    cattle the previous year.

21
Concept ..
  • An embargo was passed in Germany to prevent
    importation of plant and plant products from the
    US to prevent the introduction of the Colorado
    potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in
    1873. In 1877, the United Kingdom Destructive
    Insects Act was passed to prevent the importation
    of the Colorado beetle.

22
Science ..
23
  • In North America, the first legislative measures
    against plant disease were promulgated by states
    in 1875. Such measures included a series of laws
    against peach yellows. 
  • In 1891, the first plant quarantine measure was
    initiated in US by setting up a seaport
    inspection station at San Padro, California. 
  • In 1912, the US Congress enacted the
    Federal Plant Quarantine Act, which among other
    things, prohibits the entry of plants into the
    United States.

24
  • It was phylloxera gall louse (Phylloxera
    vastatrix) that provided the initial stimulus for
    the establishment of effective international
    cooperation on plant disease legislation. The
    aphid was introduced into Europe from America in
    1865 and caused major losses in the vineyards of
    France.

25
Science ..
  • The grape phylloxera, a tiny aphid-like insect,
    feeds on the roots and leaves of grapevines. It
    is native to US and all American grapes are
    resistant to the pest
  • It had been introduced to France on grape
    cuttings from the United States in 1859, for the
    purpose of solving problem of powdery mildew
    disease as the US grapes are resistant
  • The pest was established and became serious
    problem. By 1900, 2/3 of all European vineyards
    had been destroyed

26
Phylloxera world distribution
Science ..
27
  • The first international plant protection
    convention, the Phylloxera convention was signed
    at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five
    countries. This convention remained in force till
    1951, when International Plant Protection
    Convention under FAO was established at Rome.
    This agreement was constituted with the purpose
    of securing common and effective action to
    prevent the introduction and spread of pests and
    diseases of plants and plant products.

28
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29
Concept ..
30
Concept ..
31
Concept ..
32
Science and early regulatory plant protection
  • Prior to the 1800s, decisions were largely based
    on only a crude understanding of how pests
    affected plant health however, the 1800s began a
    time of scientific exploration, particularly in
    the field of natural biology.
  • Countries began putting in place specific laws to
    prevent the entry or spread of exotic pests.
  • Most of these laws came about due to the
    introduction and/or spread of just a few key
    pests like the Colorado potato beetle and grape
    phylloxera.

33
Science ..
  • As a result of the devastating losses to the wine
    industry, countries became aware of the need to
    prevent the spread of this pest.
  • Representatives of Austria, France, Germany,
    Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland gathered
    in BERNE Switzerland
  • The first International Convention on Measures
    to be Taken against Phylloxera vastatrix, signed
    on 17 September, 1878

34
Science ..
  • Contents of the Convention
  • The responsibility to give an official written
    assurance on the Phylloxera-free (i.e. pest-free)
    provenance of host material being traded
    internationally
  • The prohibition of international trade in certain
    kinds of material that might spread the pest
  • The designation of official bureau responsible
    for administering such trade
  • Powers to inspect traded material and to take
    remedial action on items not complying with the
    requirements of the Convention
  • The prompt exchange of relevant information,
    particularly on new outbreaks and
  • That all these measures were to be embodied in
    national law by the participating countries
  • Convention revised in 1881 and 1889 signed in
    Berne
  • Embodied many of the principles that are
    recognized today in IPPC

35
The first broad national phytosanitary laws
  • Several countries all over the world began to
    enact broad laws for plant protection and
    establish national plant protection services
    responsible for exercising those laws.
  • In 1887, Great Britain passed the Destructive
    Insects Act and established a Board of
    Agriculture.
  • In 1899, the Netherlands established a national
    plant protection service whose purpose was to
    prevent the introduction of new pests.
  • France and Germany also passed similar laws
    restricting the movement of nursery stock and
    fresh fruits.

36
Broad
  • Canada passed the San Jose Scale Act in 1898
    after the pest was introduced into California,
    and then later passed the Destructive Insects and
    Pests Act in 1910, to prevent entry and spread of
    pests.
  • The act was to limit importations into Canada to
    certain seasons of the year, presumably as a
    measure to reduce the risk of pest establishment.

37
International Cooperation Finding Solutions
Through Mutual Interests
  • Development of internationally coordinated plant
    protection regulations and scientific research
    were given due attention (phylloxera into Europe
    other pests into the USA)
  • In the late 1800s, scientists all over the world
    recognized the need to exchange scientific
    information about pests, particularly with
    respect to control and prevention of those pests.

38
International Cooperation
  • In 1891, a Swedish botanist named Jacob Eriksson
    called attention to the need for international
    cooperation to prevent the spread of pests at the
    International Congress for Agriculture and
    Forestry meeting at The Hague.
  • He continued his efforts, and in 1903 he
    presented the cause again to the International
    Congress, meeting in Rome (Ebbels, 2003)

39
International Cooperation
  • Around the same time, an American named David
    Lubin was petitioning governments in Europe for
    the formation of an international organization
    that would gather and disseminate information on
    agricultural issues.
  • Because of the efforts of these two men, and wide
    support from scientists and scientific
    organizations, the International Institute of
    Agriculture was established in Rome in 1905,
    under the support of the King of Italy.
  • One of the objectives of the Institute was the
    better control of plant diseases (Orton, 1914
    Castonguay, 2010)

40
International Cooperation
  • Professor Cuboni suggested that the General
    Assembly of the international Institute of
    Agriculture adopt several recommendations with
    regard to phytosanitary inspections for moving
    plants in trade that stated
  • 1. Organize, if they have not already done so, a
    government service of phytopathological
    inspection and control, especially for nurseries
    and establishments trading in living plants
    intended for reproduction.
  • 2. Enact that all consignments of plants intended
    for reproduction be accompanied by a certificate

41
International Cooperation
  • The recommendations further called for
    cooperation at the inter-governmental level was
    met when countries adopted the International
    Convention for the Protection of Plants,
    originally in 1914 and revised in 1929.
  • But was only weakly supported due to Second World
    War kept countries from fully supporting the new
    international treaty for plant protection

42
International Cooperation
  • After the Second World War, there were renewed
    efforts for cooperation in international plant
    protection at the intergovernmental level.
  • Then United Nations (UN) and the Food and
    Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN was
    established in Rome, Italy replacing the
    International Institute of Agriculture.
  • Member countries of the FAO began drafting a new
    plant protection agreement and in 1951 adopted
    the IPPC. superseded all previous plant
    protection agreements
  • The IPPC was subsequently revised in 1979 and
    again in 1997

43
The IPPC
  • The International Plant Protection
    Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral
    treaty overseen by the Food and Agriculture
    Organization that aims to secure coordinated,
    effective action to prevent and to control the
    introduction and spread of pests of plants and
    plant products.
  • The IPPC was created by member countries of
    the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
    United Nations. The IPPC places emphasis on three
    core areas international standard setting,
    information exchange and capacity development for
    the implementation of the IPPC and associated
    international phytosanitary standards. The
    Secretariat of the IPPC is housed at FAO
    headquarters in Rome, Italy, and is responsible
    for the coordination of core activities under the
    IPPC work program.
  • The Convention created a governing body
    consisting of each party, known as the Commission
    on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees the
    implementation of the Convention. As of August
    2017, the Convention has 183 parties, which
    includes 180 United Nations member states,
    the Cook Islands, Niue, and the European Union.
  • The Convention is recognized by the World Trade
    Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application
    of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS
    Agreement) as the only international standard
    setting body for plant health.

44
183 contracting parties (August , 2017) across
seven FAO regions and 10 RPPOs
EPPO 1951
NAPPO 1976
APPPC 1956
IPPC 1951
NEPPO 2012
OIRSA 1953
CAN
IAPSC 1954
PPPO 1994
COSAVE 1980
45
  • The Convention extends beyond the protection of
    cultivated plants to the protection of natural
    flora and plant products. It also takes into
    consideration both direct and indirect damage by
    pests, so it includes weeds.
  • While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and
    plant products moving in international trade, the
    Convention also covers research materials,
    biological control organisms, germplasm banks,
    containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid
    and anything else that can act as a vector for
    the spread of plant pests for example,
    containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles,
    vessels and machinery.

46
  • In recent years the Commission of Phytosanitary
    Measures of the IPPC has developed a strategic
    framework with the objectives of
  • protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing
    global food security through the prevention of
    pest spread
  • protecting the environment, forests and
    biodiversity from plant pests
  • facilitating economic and trade development
    through the promotion of harmonized
    scientifically based phytosanitary measures, and
  • developing phytosanitary capacity for members to
    accomplish the preceding three objectives.

47
  • By focusing the Convention's efforts on these
    objectives, the Commission on Phytosanitary
    Measures of the IPPC intends to
  • protect farmers from economically devastating
    pest and disease outbreaks.
  • protect the environment from the loss of species
    diversity.
  • protect ecosystems from the loss of viability and
    function as a result of pest invasions.
  • protect industries and consumers from the costs
    of pest control or eradication.
  • facilitate trade through International Standards
    that regulate the safe movements of plants and
    plant products.
  • protect livelihoods and food security by
    preventing the entry and spread of new pests of
    plants into a country.

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The IPPC
  • Aim of the IPPC
  • Prevent introduction and spread of pests
  • Pest Any species, strain or biotype of plant,
    animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants
    or plant products (ISPM 5 Glossary of
    Phytosanitary Terms)
  • Covers a wide range of plants aims at
    protecting them from a wide range of pests
    Plants cultivated plants and wild flora Plant
    pests invertebrates, diseases and weeds Harm
    includes direct and indirect effects
  • Extends to items capable of harboring or
    spreading pests, such as Conveyances and
    storage places

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The IPPC
  • Includes intentional introduction of organisms,
    such as Biological control organisms
    Research, industrial or other organisms

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The IPPC
  • Key principles
  • Basic principles
  • Operational principles

52
The NPPO
  • Obligations Establishment of a National Plant
    Protection Organization (NPPO) to Regulate
    imports Publish phytosanitary requirements
    Conduct surveillance, treatments and certify
    exports Issue phytosanitary certificates
    Share information on pests and regulations
    Notify trading partners of non-compliance

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Organizational structure
  • Bodies established under the IPPC
  • Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
    composed of all contracting parties of IPPC
  • IPPC Secretariat
  • Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPO)
  • NPPO

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Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
Governing body for the IPPC Works by
consensus Reviews global plant protectionneeds
and sets the annual work Programme Develops and
adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures (ISPMs) Promotes technical assistance
and information exchange Provides dispute
settlement mechanisms as required
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Commission on Phytosanitary Measures
  • CPM bodies
  • Bureau
  • Informal Working Group on Strategic Planning and
    Technical Assistance
  • Standards Committee
  • Subsidiary Body on Dispute Settlement
  • Informal Working Groups
  • Expert Working Groups and Technical Panels

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Organizational Structure (2)
  • Bureau
  • Selected by the CPM
  • Seven representatives, one from each FAO region
    including chair person and vice
  • Provides direction to Secretariat on behalf of
    the CPM
  • Meets at least 3 times per year (June, October
    and March)

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RPPOs
Acronym Full name Representative of region
APPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Asia the Pacific
CAN Comunidad Andina South America
COSAVE Comite de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur South America
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant ProtectionOrganization Europe Mediterranean
IAPSC Inter-African Phytosanitary Council African countries
NEPPO Near East Plant Protection Organization Near East
NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organization North America
OIRSA Organismo Internacional Regional de SanidadAgropecuaria Central America
PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organization The Pacific Community
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International phytosanitary activities today are
governed
  • IPPC governed by FAO
  • WTO-SPS governed by World Trade Organization
    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  • CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
    governed by UNEP

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IPPC-WTO relationship
  • Both are Independent organizations linked through
    the SPS Agreement ( 3 pillars)
  • WTO and IPPC are international treaties (Codex
    and OIE do not have treaty status)
  • Different memberships, different governance
  • The IPPC is a protection agreement that makes
    provisions for trade the SPS is a trade
    agreement that makes provisions for protection.

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IPPC-CBD relationship
  • CBD seeks to identify, control, eradicate or have
    measures in place to manage pathways to prevent
    the introduction and establishment of invasive
    alien species (IAS) ecosystems, habitats and
    other species (CBD, 2010).
  • While the CBD addresses biodiversity and the
    environment in general, the IPPC specifically
    concentrates on IAS that are pests of plants and
    provides guidance for protection against them
    (IPPC, 2012a).

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IPPC (1997)articles
  • ARTICLE I (1) Purpose and responsibility
  • ARTICLE II(2) Use of terms
  • RTICLE III(3) Relationship with other
    international agreements
  • ARTICLE IV (4) General provisions relating to
    the organizational arrangements for NPPO
  • ARTICLE V (5) Phytosanitary certification
  • ARTICLE VI (6) Regulated pests
  • ARTICLE VII (7) Requirements in relation to
    imports
  • ARTICLE VIII (8) International cooperation
  • ARTICLE IX (9) Regional plant protection
    organizations
  • ARTICLE X (10) Standards
  • ARTICLE XI (11)Commission on Phytosanitary
    Measures
  • ARTICLE XII (12) Secretariat
  • ARTICLE XIII (13) Settlement of disputes
  • ARTICLE XIV (14)Substitution of prior agreements
  • ARTICLE XV (15) Territorial application
  • ARTICLE XVI (16) supplementary agreements
  • ARTICLE XVII (17) Ratification and adherence
  • ARTICLE XVIII (18) Non-contracting parties
  • ARTICLE XIX (19) Languages
  • ARTICLE XX (20) Technical assistance
  • ARTICLE XXI (21) Amendment
  • ARTICLE XXII (22) Entry into force
  • ARTICLE XXIII (23) Denunciation

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Summary of articles
  • Articles I and III (1-3)
  • The IPPC establishes the principle that all
    countries have a joint responsibility in plant
    quarantine to adhere to the rules agreed, without
    prejudice to obligations under other
    international agreements
  • ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
    the protection of plants and the application of
    phytosanitary measures in international trade.

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Summary of articles
  • Articles IV provisions to NPPO (4)
  • Establish an official NPPO and provide its
    description to the IPPC Secretary (PQ R 4/92)
  • Issuance of phytosanitary certificates
  • Surveillance of plants (for detection of pests)
    ISPM 6 Guidelines for surveillance
  • Inspection and, if necessary, treatment to meet
    phytosanitary requirements, of regulated items
    moving in international trade ISPM 23 Guidelines
    for inspection, ISPM 28 Phytosanitary treatments
    for regulated pests, ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols
    for regulated pests
  • Protection of areas open to the establishment of
    a quarantine pest
  • Performing pest risk analyses ISPM 2 Framework
    for pest risk analysis
  • Ensuring the integrity of regulated consignments
    between phytosanitary certification and export
  • Training of staff
  • In addition to the best of their ability issue
    their phytosanitary regulations, publicize
    information concerning regulated pests and their
    control, and provide for research on relevant
    problems

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Summary of articles
  • Articles V Phytosanitary certificates (5)
  • FAO model certificate not to use certificates of
    different format
  • Electronic form if acceptable to the importing
    country
  • Inspections and related activities are to be done
    by technically qualified public officials acting
    under the authorization of the official national
    plant protection organization (ISPM 12)

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Summary of articles
  • Articles VI and VII Regulated pests
    requirements in relation to imports(6-7)
  • National phytosanitary regulations are required
    to be embodied in national law and published
  • All phytosanitary measures must be limited to
    what can be technically justified and applied
    equally to both imports and domestic production
  • Measures must be reviewed as necessary
  • ISPM 20 Guidelines for a phytosanitary import
    regulatory system

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Summary of articles
  • Articles VIII, IX and X int. coops, RPPO,
    standards (8-10)
  • Each contracting party must designate a contact
    point for exchange of information, and is obliged
    to cooperate as fully as possible
  • Cooperation is also obligatory for establishing
    RPPOs and in the development of international
    standards for phytosanitary measures

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Summary ..
  • Articles XI and XII (11-12)
  • Provide for the establishment of a Commission on
    Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) within the framework
    of the FAO and for a Secretariat to administer it

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Summary
  • ARTICLE XIII Dispute settlment (13)
  • If there is any dispute regarding the
    interpretation or application of this Convention,
    concerned contracting parties shall consult among
    themselves as soon as possible with a view to
    resolving the dispute.
  • Director-General of FAO to appoint a committee of
    experts

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Summary
  • Articles XIV to XXIII (14-23)
  • Substitution of prior agreements (but not the
    Phylloxera convention of 1878),
  • Territorial application,
  • Supplementary agreements,
  • Ratification and adherence,
  • Non-contracting parties,
  • Languages, (Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
    Russian, Spanish)
  • Technical assistance,
  • Amendment,
  • Entry into force and
  • Denunciation

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Why is the need for standards?
  • Trade is growing in volume and complexity
  • There is an increased risk of the introduction
    and spread of pests harmful to plant species
  • Trade in plants and plant products is the major
    portion of agriculture trade

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Standard setting committee
  • Subsidiary Body of the IPPC
  • Oversees the standard-setting process
  • Manages the development of ISPMs
  • Provides guidance to technical panels and expert
    drafting groups

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Stage 1
Developing the List of topics Identify a
problem Consult within the NPPO, with
industry,academia, other government agencies,
etc. Is there a regional (RPPO) standard? Is
there an IPPC standard? Propose a solution
revision or new ISPM IPPC contracting parties
and RPPOs submitideas for ISPMs SC reviews the
proposals CPM adds the proposals to the List of
topics
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Stage 1
  • What is a specification? A document that guides
    the drafting group when drafting the ISPM
    Provides the scope of the ISPM Details the
    tasks and the desired expertise of the drafting
    group Technical Panels also have specifications
    directing their work and composition

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Stage 2
  • Drafting Draft specification is attached to the
    submitted topic Before the specification is
    approved, all contracting parties have the
    opportunity to comment on it Consult within the
    NPPO, with industry, academia, other government
    agencies, etc. The SC approves the specification

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  • Answer Yes! Once the SC approves the
    specification, theSecretariat issues a call for
    experts The call includes the date and location
    of the meeting, and the expertise required for
    the subject matter experts

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Expert drafting groups (EDGs)
  • Expert Working Group (EWG) 1 meeting, 1 draft
    ISPM Technical Panels (TPs) with ongoing work
    on Phytosanitary Treatments (TPPT)
    Diagnostic Protocols (TPDP) Forest Quarantine
    (TPFQ) Fruit Flies (TPFF) Glossary of
    Phytosanitary Terms (TPG)
  • SC approval for consultation EDG drafts the
    standard SC decides whether to approve it for
    consultation or whether it needs more work

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Stage 3. Consultation
  • Opportunity for contracting parties to review and
    comment on draft ISPMs Lasts 90 days 1 July to
    30 September Draft ISPMs submitted to 2
    consultations After first consultation Standards
    Committee Working Group (SC-7)
  • Seven SC members, one from each region meets the
    week after the May
  • Review the draft ISPMs and comments from first
    consultation
  • Decides whether to approve it for second
    consultation or whether it needs more work

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Where does the draft ISPM go afterthe SC-7 has
approved it
  • Second consultation and SC review Second
    consultation, 90 days The SC reviews comments
    from second consultation
  • The SC can send the draft ISPM to the CPM for
    adoption return it to the steward submit it
    for another consultation put it on hold

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What happens after the SCrecommends the draft to
the CPM for adoption?
82
Before the CPM meeting
  • Contracting parties can review the draft ISPMs at
    least six weeks before the CPM meeting
  • If contracting party disagree with the adoption
    of a draft ISPM, it can submit an objection

83
Objections
  • Must include technical justification and
    suggestions for improvement to the draft ISPM,
    which other contracting parties are likely to
    accept
  • The IPPC Official Contact Point submits the
    objection to the Secretariat no later than three
    weeks before the CPM meeting
  • The CPM decides on the way forward

84
Stage 4 Adoption and publication
  • If approved no objection adoption of the
    standard is made by CPM!

85
  • How long does a single ISPM takes to develop?

86
The process
87
Adopted standards (1993-2017)
88
ISPMs
  • ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
    the protection of plants and the application of
    phytosanitary measures in international trade
  • ISPM No. 2 (2007) Framework for pest risk
    analysis
  • ISPM No. 3 (2005) Guidelines for the export,
    shipment, import and release of biological
    control agents and other beneficial organisms
  • ISPM No. 4 (1995) Requirements for the
    establishment of pest free areas
  • ISPM No. 5 (2009) Glossary of phytosanitary terms
  • ISPM No. 6 (1997) Guidelines for surveillance
  • ISPM No. 7 (1997) Export certification system
  • ISPM No. 8 (1998) Determination of pest status in
    an area
  • ISPM No. 9 (1998) Guidelines for pest eradication
    programmes
  • ISPM No. 10 (1999) Requirements for the
    establishment of pest free places of production
    and pest free production sites
  • ISPM No. 11 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
    quarantine pests, including analysis of
    environmental risks and living modified organisms
  • ISPM No. 12 (2001) Guidelines for phytosanitary
    certificates
  • ISPM No. 13 (2001) Guidelines for the
    notification of non-compliance and emergency
    action
  • ISPM No. 14 (2002) The use of integrated measures
    in a systems approach for pest risk management
  • ISPM No. 15 (2009) Guidelines for regulating wood
    packaging material in international trade
  • ISPM No. 16 (2002) Regulated non-quarantine
    pests concept and application
  • ISPM No. 17 (2002) Pest reporting

89
ISPMs
  • ISPM No. 18 (2003) Guidelines for the use of
    irradiation as a phytosanitary measure
  • ISPM No. 19 (2003) Guidelines on lists of
    regulated pests
  • ISPM No. 20 (2004) Guidelines for a phytosanitary
    import regulatory system
  • ISPM No. 21 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
    regulated non-quarantine pests
  • ISPM No. 22 (2005) Requirements for the
    establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
  • ISPM No. 23 (2005) Guidelines for inspection
  • ISPM No. 24 (2005) Guidelines for the
    determination and recognition of equivalence of
    phytosanitary measures
  • ISPM No. 25 (2006) Consignments in transit
  • ISPM No. 26 (2006) Establishment of pest free
    areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
  • ISPM No. 27 (2006) Diagnostic protocols for
    regulated pests
  • ISPM No. 28 (2009) Phytosanitary treatments for
    regulated pests
  • ISPM No. 29 (2007) Recognition of pest free areas
    and areas of low pest prevalence
  • ISPM No. 30 (2008) Establishment of areas of low
    pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
  • ISPM No. 31 (2008) Methodologies for sampling
    consignments
  • ISPM No. 32 (2009) Categorization of commodities
    according to their pest risk
  • ISPM No. 33 (2010) pest free potato (solanum
    spp.) micropropagative material and minitubers
  • for international trade

90
ISPMs
  • ISPM No. 34 (2010) design and operation of
    post-entry quarantine stations for plants
  • ISPM No. 35 (2012) systems approach for pest
    risk management of fruit flies (tephritidae)
  • ISPM No. 36 (2012) integrated measures for plants
    for planting
  • ISPM No. 37 (2016) Determination of host status
    of fruit to fruit ?ies (Tephritidae)
  • ISPM 38 (2017) on the International Movement of
    Seed A TRAINING MANUAL PREPARED BY
    THEInternational Seed Federation ISPM No. 39
    (2017) International movement of wood ISPM No.
    40 (2017) International movement of growing media
    in association with plants for planting
  • ISPM No. 41 (2017) International movement of
    used vehicles, machinery and equipment

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EXPORT
IMPORT
Import Permit ISPM 20
Inspection plants, growing media
ISPM 7, 23, 20, 40, 41
Inspection plants, growing media, used
ISPM 3
ISPM 12
Authorization
IISPM 13
Certification
Response to NC notification
Bio-agents
IISPM 15,39
NC notification
IISPM 8, 19
Wood movement
Wood movement
IISPM 28
IISPM 2, 21
PQ pest list
IISPM 7
IISPM 6
PQ pest list
Treatment super.
PRA
IISPM 34
ISPM 4,22,26
Active growth insp.
Surveillance
ISPM 27
PEQ
Pest free area
Diagnosis
Diagnosis Identification
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Diagnostics can provide essential information
  • To clarify which specific pest risks need to be
    analyzed (pest risk analysis (IPPC Article
    IV.2(f) ISPMs 2 and 11)
  • For the establishment of appropriate
    phytosanitary import measures (Article VII ISPM
    20), because these measures should be based on
    pest risk analysis, which should be supported by
    diagnostics
  • For import verification (Article VII ISPM 20)
    and inspection (Article VII ISPM 20) and
    notification of non-compliance (Article VII ISPM
    13), because diagnostics are essential to ensure
    the accurate identity of the pest intercepted
  • For surveillance (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 6),
    because diagnostics provide essential information
    on organisms collected through specific surveys,
    in order to provide accurate information on pest
    status (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 8), which
    contributes to regulator actions such as
    inclusion of pests on lists of regulated pests
    (ISPM 19) and pest reporting (ISPM 17)

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IISPM 2, 21
IISPM 13
IISPM 20, 23
IISPM 34
IISPM 9
ISPM 27
IISPM 8,19
IISPM 6
IISPM 17
IISPM 8
IISPM 7
IISPM 6, 9, 27,
94
  • Thank you !!

95
  • 5.4 Research The IPPC states Each contracting
    party shall make provision, to the best of its
    ability, for ... research and investigation in
    the field of plant protection (IPPC, 1997
    Article IV.3(b)). It follows that, where existing
    means of plant protection are inadequate for
    controlling pests of plants and plant products
    and in preventing their introduction and spread
    into endangered areas, research should be
    undertaken to the extent of the ability of
    contracting parties. Specific topics for research
    of interest to NPPOs could cover pest biology,
    identification and diagnostics pest
    surveillance methods and procedures inspection
    methods treatments PRA procedures pest
    control methods. Where topics for research are
    identified, the NPPO should determine the most
    appropriate means of achieving a successful
    outcome. A thorough literature review will
    identify the results of previous research, if
    any, and whether these provide the necessary
    information. If further work is needed, the NPPO
    should develop a detailed proposal for further
    consideration by an appropriate national or
    international research organization.
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