What are the common causes of eye pain?

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What are the common causes of eye pain?
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Eye pain can have a variety of causes. It is
typically divided into conditions that affect the
cornea, conditions that affect of other parts of
the eye, and conditions involving other areas of
the body that cause pain to be felt in the eye
area.
Common causes of eye pain typically center around
particular parts of the eye. These include the
cornea, the white of the eye (sclera), and a thin
layer that covers it called the conjunctiva. The
colored part of the eye is the iris.
The muscles that control the eye, the nerves, and
the eyelids can also be sources of eye pain.
A problem with the cornea is the most common
cause of eye pain. The cornea is the outermost
layer of the eye. It has a clear dome-shaped
surface that covers the front of the eye.
Many disorders that affect the cornea also affect
the fluid-filled space between the iris and the
inner part of the cornea.
The cornea acts as a direct barrier keeping out
dirt, germs, and other harmful or foreign
particles that could harm the eye. The cornea is
also very helpful in filtering out damaging
ultraviolet light (UV) from the sun.
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Corneal disorders include

• Herpes simplex keratitis An eye infection caused
  by the herpes simplex virus.
• Bullous keratopathy An eye disorder marked by
  blister-like swelling of the cornea. Blisters can
  rupture causing severe pain, eye discomfort, and
  vision impairment.
• Peripheral ulcerative keratitis An eye disorder
  that causes inflammation and ulceration of the
  cornea. Typically occurs in people who have
  connective tissues diseases, such as rheumatoid
  arthritis.
• Corneal ulcer An eye infection that causes an
  open sore on the cornea. Contact lenses,
  injuries, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies can
  cause open sores. Ulcers cause pain, redness, and
  tearing.

Just like other body parts, the cornea can heal
from minor injuries or scratches. The area
usually heals on its own with no lasting impact
on vision.
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Deeper injuries can cause corneal scarring
resulting in a haze on the cornea that can impair
vision. People who have a deep injury or corneal
disease may experience

• pain in the eye
• sensitivity to light
• reduced vision or blurry vision
• redness or inflammation in the eye
• headache
• nausea or fatigue
• bulging of an eye
• inability to move eye in all directions

People who have corneal disease or damage may
experience pain, tearing, and a decrease in the
sharpness of their vision
Anyone experiencing any of these unusual eye
symptoms should contact an eye professional
immediately. Corneal disease or other eye
disorders can only be diagnosed after a thorough
eye examination.
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A slit lamp is commonly used to examine the
cornea and eye area. This instrument allows the
doctor to examine the eye under exceptionally
high magnification. Eye drops called fluorescein
may be used to provide a temporary stain to the
areas of the cornea, making it easier for the
doctor to see.
Doctors may even scrape the surface of large
ulcers present in the eye to obtain a sample. The
sample is cultured and used to identify whatever
is causing the infection.
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Once the cause has been identified, the doctor
can decide on the best drug to fight the
infection. Common eye treatment includes

• antibiotic or antifungal drops
• pain relief with eye drops, oral drugs, or both
• removal of foreign bodies
• transplantation of the cornea

The most common injury to the cornea is due to
abrasions caused by foreign objects.
Abrasions can be caused by

• particles from the wind
• working with tools or any other type of debris
• fingernails
• contact lenses
• make-up applicators

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Once the foreign objects are removed, they may
leave minor scratches on the cornea. The surface
cells of the eye grow back rapidly, so most
scratches usually heal within 1 to 3 days.
However, a medical evaluation can determine if
the cornea is scratched and prompt treatment with
antibiotics can prevent an infection.
Pain relief medication in the form of eye drops
is also routinely prescribed.
A follow-up examination by an eye specialist
after the injury is also recommended.
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