ΧΗΜΙΚΗ ΙΣΟΡΡΟΠΙΑ

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• 5? ?ef??a??
• ??µe?a? Tet???? ?ate????s??
• ?? ???e???
• ??e?d?s? - ??a????
• ??e?d?t??? - ??a??????
• ??t?d??se?? ??e?d?a?a?????

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??e?d?a?a????

• ??e?d?s? e??a? ? ???s? e??? st???e??? µe t?
  ??????? ? ? afa??es? ?d??????? ap? µ?a ???s?.
• ?a??de??µa
• O C ??e?d??eta? p??? CO2 s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d?as?
• C O2
  ? CO2
• ?? HCl ??e?d??eta? p??? Cl2 s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d?as?
• 4 HCl O2 ? 2 Cl2 2 H2O

• ??a???? e??a? ? ???s? e??? st???e??? µe t?
  ?d?????? ? ? afa??es? ???????? ap? µ?a ???s?
• ?a??de??µa?? ?2 a???eta? se ?? s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d?as?
• ?2
  ?2 ? 2 ??
• ?? ZnO a???eta? se Zn s?µf??a µe t?? a?t?d?as?
• ZnO C
  ? Zn CO

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??e?d?a?a????

• ??e?d?s? e??a? ? ap?ß??? ??e?t??????
• ??a???? e??a? ? p??s???? ??e?t??????

?a??de??µa O Zn a?t?d?? µe ???ta ?a???? s?µf??a
µe t?? a?t?d?as? Zn
Cu2 ? Zn2 Cu ???e ?t?µ? Zn ap?ß???e?
2 ??e?t????a (??e?d??eta?) ???e ?at??? Cu2
p??s?aµß??e? 2 ??e?t????a (a???eta?)
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
4
??e?d?a?a????

• ??e?d?s? e??a? ? a???s? t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s??
• ??a???? e??a? ? µe??s? t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s??

• ????µ?? ??e?d?s??
• e??? ???t?? ete??p?????? ???s?? ???µ??eta? t?
  p?a?µat??? f??t?? t?? ???t??.
• e??? at?µ?? ?µ???p?????? ???s?? ???µ??eta? t?
  fa???µe???? f??t?? p?? ?a ap??t?se? t? ?t?µ?,
  ?ta? t? ????? ? ta ????? ?e??? ??e?t??????
  ap?d????? st? p?? ??e?t?a???t??? ?t?µ? t??
  ???s??.

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??e?d?a?a????
??ta??a ????µ?? ??e?d?s?? ?µ?ta??a ????µ?? ??e?d?s??
K,  Na, Ag 1 F -1
Ba, Ca, Mg, Zn 2 H 1 (-1)
Al 3 O -2 (-1, 2)
Cu, Hg 1, 2 Cl, Br, I -1 (1, 3, 5, 7)
Fe, Ni 2, 3 S -2 (4, 6)
Pb, Sn 2, 4 N, P -3 (3, 5)
Mn 2, 4, 7 C, Si -4, 4
Cr 3, 6    
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??e?d?a?a????
?p??? ?a???e? ??a t?? e??es? t?? a???µ??
??e?d?s?? t?? st???e???.

• ???e st???e?? se e?e??e?? ?at?stas? ??e? a???µ?
  ??e?d?s?? (?.?) ?s? µe t? µ?d??.
• p.?. ?a?, Cl2o, Mgo

• ?? F st?? e??se?? t?? ??e? p??t?te a???µ?
  ??e?d?s?? (?.?) ?s? µe -1.
• -1 -1
• p.?. NaF, CaF2

• ?? ? st?? e??se?? t?? ??e? a???µ? ??e?d?s?? (?.?)
  ?s? µe 1, e?t?? ap? t?? e??se?? t?? µe µ?ta??a
  (?d??d?a) p?? ??e? -1.
• 
  1 -1
• p.?. HBr, CaH2

• ?? a??eß???? ?????sµa t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s?? (?.?)
  ???? t?? at?µ?? se µ?a ???s? e??a? ?s? µe t?
  µ?d??.
• p.?. st?? ???s? ??nO4
• t? K ??e? 1
• t? Mn ??e? x
• t? ? ??e? -2
• S??µat????µe t?? e??s?s? 1 x
  4(-2) 0 ? x 7

• ?? a??eß???? ?????sµa t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s?? (?.?)
  ???? t?? at?µ?? se ??a p???at?µ??? ??? e??a? ?s?
  µe t? f??t?? t?? p???at?µ???? ???t??.
• p.?. st? ??? Cr2O72-
• t? Cr ??e? x
• t? ? ??e? -2
• S??µat????µe t?? e??s?s? 2x 7(-2)
  -2 ? x 6

• ?? ? st?? e??se?? t?? ??e? a???µ? ??e?d?s?? (?.?)
  ?s? µe -2, e?t?? ap? ta ?pe???e?d?a sta ?p??a
  ??e? -1, ?a??? ?a? t?? ???s? F2O (??e?d?? t??
  f??????), st?? ?p??a ??e? 2.
• -2 -1 2
• p.?. Na2O, ?2?2, F2O

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??e?d?a?a????

• ??e?d?s? e??a? ? a???s? t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s??
• ??a???? e??a? ? µe??s? t?? a???µ?? ??e?d?s??

St?? a?t?d?as? MnO2 4 HCl ? MnCl2
Cl2 2 H2O t? Mn ap? 4 st? ?n?2 a???eta? se
2 st? MnCl2 t? Cl ap? -1 st? HCl ??e?d??eta? se
0 st? Cl2

• ??e?d?t??? ???eta? ???e ??µ??? ??s?a p?? pe????e?
  ?t?µa st???e??? ta ?p??a a?????ta?
• ??a?????? ???eta? ???e ??µ??? ??s?a p?? pe????e?
  ?t?µa st???e??? ta ?p??a ??e?d????ta?

St?? a?t?d?as? MnO2 4 HCl ? MnCl2
Cl2 2 H2O t? Mn?2 e??a? ??e?d?t??? ?a? t?
?Cl e??a? a?a??????
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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???a?a? ??e?d?t????
??e?d?t??? ?????? ?µ?a?t?d?as?
??µ??? st???e?a ??????a(?2) ?? ? X- ?2 2e ? 2?-
??µ??? st???e?a ??????? (?2) ??e?d?a ?2 4e ? 2O2-
??µ??? st???e?a ???? (?3) ?2 ?2- O3 2?H 2?e ? O2 H2O
??e?d?a ?pe???e?d?? ?d??????? (?2?2) ?2? ?2- H2O2 2?H 2?e ? 2?H2O
??e?d?a ????e?d?? t?? ?e??? (SO2) S SO2 4H 4e ? S 2H2O
??e?d?a ??e?d?? a?????? (Ag2O) 2Ag Ag2O 2?H 2?e ? 2?Ag H2O
??e?d?a ??e?d?? ?d?a?????? (HgO) Hg HgO H2O 2?e ? Hg 2?OH-
??e?d?a ??e?d?? µa??a???? (MnO2) Mn2 MnO2 4H 2e ? Mn2 2H2O
??e?d?a ??e?d?? µ???ßd?? (PbO2) Pb2 PbO2 4H 2e ? Pb2 2H2O
???a ?????-?e?µ? ?e???? ???(H2SO4) SO2 SO42- 4H 2e ? SO2 H2O
???a ??a?? ??t???? ??? (???3) ?? ??3- 4? 3e ? NO 2H2O
???a ????? ??t???? ??? (???3) ??2 ??3- 2? e ? NO2 H2O
??ata ?pe?µa??a???? ????? (KMnO4) Mn2 MnO4- 8H 5e ? Mn2 H2O
??ata ?????µ??? ????? (K2Cr2O7) Cr3 Cr2O72- 14H 6e ? 2Cr3 7H2O
??ata ?p???????d? ??ata (p.?. NaClO) Cl- ClO- 2H 2e ? Cl- H2O
??ata ??????? ??ata (p.?. NaClO3) Cl- ClO3- 6H 6e ? Cl- 3H2O
??ata ?pe???????? ??ata (p.?. NaClO4) Cl- ClO4- 8H 8e ? Cl- 4H2O
??ata ?????sßest?? (CaOCl2) CaCl2 CaOCl2 2H 2e ? CaCl2 H2O
9
???a?a? ??a???????
??a?????? ?????? ?µ?a?t?d?as?
??µ??? st???e?a ?d?????? (?2) ? ?2 ? 2? 2e
??µ??? st???e?a ??a?????? µ?ta??a (?) (Na,Li,K,Ca,Al ?.?.) ??ata ?x M ? Mx xe
??e?d?a ?????e?d?? t?? ????a?a (C?) C?2 CO H2O ? CO2 2H 2e
??e?d?a ?pe???e?d?? ?d??????? (?2?2) ?2 ?2?2 ? ?2 2H 2e
??e?d?a ????e?d?? ?e??? (SO2) H2SO4 SO2 2H2O ? H2SO4 2H 2e
???a ?d?a?????a (??) ?2 2?? ? ?2 2? 2e
???a ?d???e?? (H2S) S H2S ? S 2H 2e
???a Te??de? ??? (H2SO3) H2SO4 H2SO3 H2O ? H2SO4 2H 2e
??ata ??ata Fe2(p.?. FeCl2) Fe3 Fe2 ? Fe3 e
??ata ??ata Sn2(p.?. SnCl2) Sn4 Sn2 ? Sn4 2e
??ata ??t??de? ??t??? (?a??2) ?a??3 ?a??2 ?2? ? ?a??3 2? 2e
??ata Te??de? ????? (K2SO3 K2SO4 K2SO3 H2O ? K2SO4 2H 2e
??se?? ?µµ???a (NH3) N2 2NH3 ? N2 6H 6e
???a????? e??se?? ?e?a???? ??? (HCOOH) CO2 HCOOH ? CO2 2H 2e
???a????? e??se?? 1ta?e?? a?????e? (RCH2OH) RCHO RCH2OH ? RCHO 2H 2e
???a????? e??se?? 2ta?e?? a?????e? (R2C?OH) R2CO R2CHOH ? R2CO 2H 2e
???a????? e??se?? ??de?de? (RCHO) RCOOH RCHO H2O ? RCOOH 2H 2e
???a????? e??se?? ??a???? ??? (COOH)2 CO2 (COOH)2 ? 2CO2 2H 2e
10
???es? p?????t?? - S??te?est??
Ta s?µp????s??µe t?? a?t?d?as? a?a?? ???3
Cu ? ...

• ?? ??e?d?t??? s?µa e??a? t? HNO3 e?? t? a?a??????
  e??a? t? Cu.
• ?e ß?s? t?? p??a?a t?? ??e?d?t???? t? ???3
  s??µat??e? ?? ?a? µe ß?s? t?? p??a?a t??
  a?a??????? ? Cu s??µat??e? ??a? t?? ?????.
  G??f??µe ta ????a p?????ta

5
2
0
2
HNO3 Cu ? NO
Cu(NO3)2
8
4?2?
3
2
3

• ?? N a???eta? ap? 5 se 2, ??a ?.?.?. 3,
  ?p?? ?.?.?. e??a? ? µetaß??? t?? a???µ??
  ??e?d?s??.

• ? ?.?.?. t?? ? de???e? t? p????? t?? at?µ??
  Cu p?? ??e?d????-ta?. ?????µe s??te?est? st?
  Cu(NO3)2 t?? a???µ? 3.

• ? ?.?.?. t?? Cu de???e? t? p????? t?? at?µ??
  ? p?? a?????ta?. ?????µe s??te?est? st? ?? t??
  a???µ? 2.

• ? Cu ??e?d??eta? ap? 0 se 2, ??a ?.?.?. 2
  

• ?s?sta?µ????µe ta ?t?µa ?, Cu ?a?
  s?µp???????µe ta apa?a?t?ta µ???a ?e??? st?
  de?te?? µ???? ?ste ?a ?s?sta?µ?st??? ?a? ta ?t?µa
  ? ?a? ?.

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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???es? p?????t?? - S??te?est??
Ta s?µp????s??µe µe t? µ???d? t?? ?µ?a?t?d??se??
t?? a?t?d?as?
a?a?? ???3 Cu ? ...

• G??f??µe t?? ?µ?a?t?d?as? a?a????? t?? ???3
• HNO3 3 H 3 e- ? NO 2 ?2?

• G??f??µe t?? ?µ?a?t?d?as? ??e?d?s?? t?? Cu
• Cu ? Cu2 2 e-

• ????ap?as?????µe t?? ?µ?a?t?d?as? a?a????? x2
  ?a? t?? ?µ?a?t?-d?as? ??e?d?s?? x3 ?ste ?a
  ?s?sta?µ?st??? ta ??e?t????a.
• 2 ?NO3 6 H 6
  e- ? 2 NO 4 ?2?
• 3 Cu ? 3 Cu2 6 e-

• ???s??t??µe t?? te????? ?µ?a?t?d??se?? ?at?
  µ??? ?a? ????µe
• 2 ?NO3 3 Cu 6 H ? 2 NO 3 Cu2
  4 ?2?

• G??f??µe t?? a?t?d?as? µe µ???a ?a? ????µe
• 8 ?NO3 3 Cu ? 2 NO 3 Cu(??3)2 4
  ?2?

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ap??? a?t??at?stas??

• ??e?t????µ??? se??? d?ast???t?ta? t?? µet?????

Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Co
Ni Sn Pb H2 Bi Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
µe??s? t?? d?ast???t?ta?

• ???e µ?ta??? ? a?t??a??st? st?? e??se?? t???
  ????te?? d?ast??? µ?ta??a ?? ap? a?t?.
• St? pa??de??µa p?? a??????e? ? Fe a?t??a??st? t?
  Cu st? ??µ??? ???s? CuCl2

Fe CuCl2 ? FeCl2 Cu
?a µ?ta??a ?p?? ? Fe (2, 3) p?? ????? p??????
a???µ??? ??e?-d?s?? (?p?? ? Fe st? pa??de??µa p??
??e? 2, 3) st? p????? ap??t? t?? µ????te??
a???µ? ??e?d?s?? (st? pa??de??µa ? Fe eµfa???eta?
µe 2). ??a??e?ta? ? Cu p?? ap??t? t? µe?a??te??
a???µ? ??e?d?s?? 2.
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ap??? a?t??at?stas??

• ??e?t????µ??? se??? d?ast???t?ta? t?? µet?????

Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Co
Ni Sn Pb H2 Bi Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
µe??s? t?? d?ast???t?ta?
?a?ade??µata t?? µ??f?? ? ??? ? ??
?

• 3 Fe 2 AuCl3 ? 3 FeCl2 2 Au
• Cu 2 AgNO3 ? Cu(NO3)2 Ag
• 2 Al Cr2O3 ? Al2O3 2 Cr
• 2 Al Fe2O3 ? Al2O3 2 Fe
• Fe CaCl2 ? ad??at?
• Cu ZnSO4 ? ad??at?

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ap??? a?t??at?stas??

• ??e?t????µ??? se??? d?ast???t?ta? t?? aµet?????

F2 O3 Cl2 Br2 O2 I2 S N C
µe??s? t?? d?ast???t?ta?

• ???e aµ?ta??? A a?t??a??st? st?? e??se?? t???
  ????te?? d?ast??? aµ?ta??a A? ap? a?t?. St?
  pa??de??µa p?? a??????e? t? F2 a?t??a??st? t? Br2
  st? ??µ??? ???s? NaBr

F2 2 NaBr ? 2 NaF Br2
?a?ade??µata t?? µ??f?? A ?A? ? ?A
A?

• F2 2 KBr ? 2 KF Br2
• X2 H2S ? 2 HX S (X F,Cl,Br,I)
• Cl2 H2O2 ? 2 HCl O2
• Br2 KF ? ad??at?.

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ap??? a?t??at?stas??

• ?a p??? d?ast??? µ?ta??a K, Ba, Ca, Na a?t?d????
  µe t? ?e?? ?a? s??µat????? ?d???e?d?a
  e?e??e?????ta? a???? ?2

• 2 Na 2 H2O ? 2 NaOH H2
• Ca 2 H2O ? Ca(OH)2 H2

• ?a ?p????pa µ?ta??a p?? e??a? d?ast???te?a ap? t?
  ?d?????? a?t?d???? e? ?e?µ? µe t? ?e?? ?a?
  s??µat????? ??e?d?a e?e??e?????ta? a???? ?2

• Mg H2O ? MgO H2
• Zn H2O ? ZnO H2

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? s???es?? µet????? - aµet?????

• ?a µ?ta??a (µe e?a??es? ta e??e?? Ag, Au, Pt)
  a?t?d???? µe t? ??????? ?a? s??µat????? ??e?d?a

• 2 Al 3/2 O2 ? Al2O3
• 2 Ca O2 ? 2 CaO

• ?a µ?ta??a a?t?d???? µe ta a?????a ?a?
  s??µat????? ??ata

• 2 ?a F2 ? 2 NaF
• Mg Cl2 ? MgCl2

• ?a µ?ta??a a?t?d???? µe ?e??, ???t?, ????a?a,
  ?d?????? ?.a. aµ?ta??a s??µat????ta? s???f?d?a,
  ??t??d?a, ?a?ß?d?a, ?d??d?a ?.a.

• Mg S ? MgS
• 3 Ca N2 ? Ca3N2
• 2 C Ca ? CaC2
• 2 Na H2 ? 2 NaH

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? s???es?? µet????? - aµet?????
???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet????? ???se?? p?? p????pt??? ap? a?t?d??se?? s???es?? d?? aµet?????
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 O2 S N2 P C
H2 HF HCl HBr HI H2O H2S NH3 CxHy
F2 SF6 PF3,PF5 CF4
Cl2 S2Cl2 PCl3,PCl5
Br2 S2Br2 PBr3,PBr5
I2
O2 SO2 NO P2O5 CO2
S PxSy CS2
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ap?s???es?? ? d??spas??

• ?????µ?te? d?asp?se??.
• G????ta? ????? e??te???? e????sµa, ?a?a?t???st???
  e??a? ? d??spas? t?? ?pe???e?d??? t?? ?d???????
  se ?e?? ?a? ???????.
• 2 H2O2 ? 2 H2O O2
• ??t?? ?? a?t?d??se?? ap?s???es?? e??a? sp???e?.
• Te?µ???? d?asp?se??.
• G????ta? µe ???µa?s? ? p???s? ????? a??a
  ???sµ???? ??s??? p?? d?asp??ta? se d?? ?
  pe??ss?te?a s?µata, ?a?a?t???st??? e??a? ?
  ?e?µ??? d??spas? t?? a???a????? asßest??? se
  ??e?d?? t?? asßet??? ?a? d???e?d?? t?? ????a?a.
• CaCO3 ? CaO CO2
• ??e?t????t???? d?asp?se??.
• G????ta? pa???s?a ??e?t????? ?e?µat??,
  ?a?a?t???st??? e??a? ? ??e?t????t??? d??spas? t??
  ?e??? se ?d?????? ?a? ???????.
• 2 H2O ? 2 H2 O2

???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ??e?d?t???? ?????

• ??e?d????? ta pe??ss?te?a µ?ta??a (?) µe e?a??es?
  t? ???s? ?a? t? ?e??????s? s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d??se??

0 5
x 2 3 ?
4x HNO3(a?a??) ? 3 M(NO3)x x NO
2x H2O 0 5
x 4 ?
2x HNO3(p????) ? M(NO3)x x NO2
x H2O 0 6
x
4 2 ? 2x H2SO4(p????) ? M2(SO4)x
x SO2 x H2O

• ??e?d????? d??f??a a?a??????, a????????? ???sµ??a
  pa?ade??µata

2 5
3 2 3 FeO
10 HNO3(a?a??) ? 3 Fe(NO3)3 NO
5 H2O 2 5
4 4 CO
2 HNO3(p????) ? CO2 2 NO2
H2O 2 6
4 4 CO
H2SO4(p????) ? CO2 SO2 H2O
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
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??t?d??se?? ??e?d?t???? ?????

• ??e?d????? ste?e? aµ?ta??a s?µf??a µe t?? p??a?a
  p?? a??????e?

AM?????? ? C S P I2
a?a?? ???3 - H2SO4 H3PO4 -
p???? ???3 CO2 H2SO4 H3PO4 HIO3
p???? ?2SO4 CO2 SO2 H3PO4 -
5
0 6 2 2 ???3 a?a??
S ? H2SO4 2 NO H2O
0 5
4 4 C 4
HNO3 p???? ? CO2 4 NO2 2 H2O
0 6
5 4 2 P
5 H2SO4 p???? ? 2 H3PO4 5 SO2 2
H2O
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
21
??t?d??se?? d????µ???? ?a????

• ?? d????µ??? ????? d?a se ????? pe??ß?????
  (s?????? H2SO4) ?a? s??µat??e? ??ata t?? ?a????
  ?a? t?? t??s?e???? Cr3. ?? d????µ??? ????? ??e?
  p??t??a?? ???µa ?a? ta ??ata t?? t??s?e????
  ???µ??? e??a? p??s??a.

6
-1 3
0 K2Cr2O7 7H2SO4 6NaCl ? K2SO4
Cr2(SO4)3 3Cl2 3Na2SO4 7H2O
6
2 3
4 K2Cr2O7 4H2SO4 3CO ? K2SO4
Cr2(SO4)3 3CO2 4H2O
6
2 3
3 K2Cr2O7 14HCl 6FeCl2 ? 2KCl
2CrCl3 6FeCl3 7H2O
6
-1 3
0 K2Cr2O7 14HCl ? 2KCl 2CrCl3
3Cl2 7H2O
6
-1 3
1 K2Cr2O7 4H2SO4
3CH3CH2OH ? K2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 3CH3CHO 7H2O
???/??? T???, kostasctheos_at_yahoo.gr
22
??t?d??se?? ?pe?µa??a????? ?a????

• ?? ?pe?µa??a???? ????? d?a se ????? pe??ß?????
  (s?????? ?e????? ?????) ?a? s??µat??e? ??ata t??
  ?a???? ?a? t?? Mn2. ?? ?pe?µa??a???? ????? ??e?
  ??????? ?a? ta ??ata t?? d?s?e???? µa??a????
  e??a? ????µa.

7
-1 2
0 2KMnO4 8H2SO4 10NaCl ? K2SO4 2MnSO4
5Cl2 5Na2SO4 8H2O
7
2 2
4 2KMnO4 3H2SO4 5CO ? K2SO4
2MnSO4 5CO2 3H2O
7
2 2
4 2KMnO4 16HCl 5SnCl2 ? 2KCl 2MnCl2
5SnCl4 8H2O
7
-1 2
0 2KMnO4 16HCl ? 2KCl 2MnCl2 5Cl2 8H2O
7 1
2
3 2KMnO4 3H2SO4 5CH3CHO ?
K2SO4 2MnSO4 5CH3COOH 3H2O
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