Helping

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Helping
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Helping

• Why do we help?
• When will we help?
• Who will help?
• How can we increase helping?

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Altruism
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Altruism

• A motive to increase anothers welfare without
  conscious regard for ones self-interests.

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Egoism
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Egoism

• A motive to increase ones own welfare.

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1.) Why do we help?
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Why do we help? (Theories)

• Social-exchange
• Social Norms
• Evolutionary Psychology

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Social Exchange
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Social-exchange theory

• the theory that human interactions are
  transactions that aim to maximize ones rewards
  and minimize ones costs.

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Rewards
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Rewards

• External rewards
• Internal rewards

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Rewards

• External we give to get.
• Internal our sense of self-worth.

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Internal Rewards (emotional state/personal
traits)

• Guilt
• Feel bad-do good
• Feel good-do good

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Social Norms
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Social Norms

• are social expectations.
• prescribes proper behavior.

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Two Social Norms

• The Reciprocity Norm
• The Social-Responsibility Norm

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Two Social Norms

• The Reciprocity Norm an expectation that people
  will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
• The Social-Responsibility Norm an expectation
  that people will help those needing help.

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Gender and Receiving Help
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Gender Receiving Help

• Women offered help equally to males and females,
  whereas Men offered more help when the persons in
  need were females.

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Evolutionary Psychology
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Evolutionary Psychology

• the study of the evolution of cognition and
  behavior using the principles of natural
  selection.
• the theory contends that the essence of life is
  survival.

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Two types of self-sacrificial helping
(Evolutionary Psychology Theory)

• Kin Protection
• kin selection- the idea that evolution has
  selected altruism towards ones close relatives
  to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
• Reciprocity

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Comparison of Theories
Theory Level of Explanation Externally Helping Intrinsic Helping
Social-exchange Psychological External rewards for helping Inner rewards for helping
Social Norms Sociological Reciprocity norm Social-responsibility norm
Evolutionary Biological Reciprocity Kin selection
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Genuine Altruism/Empathy
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Empathy

• the vicarious experience of anothers feelings
  putting oneself in anothers shoes.

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(2) When will we help?
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Number of Bystanders

• As the number of bystanders increases, any given
  bystander is less likely to notice the incident,
  less likely to assume responsibility for taking
  action.
• Lone bystanders were more likely to help.

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Bystander effect

• The finding that a person is less likely to
  provide help when there are other bystanders.

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• Noticing/Interpreting
• Assuming Responsibility

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Helping when someone else does

• Prosocial models do promote altruism.
• Example New Jersey shoppers were most likely to
  drop money in a Salvation Army kettle if they had
  seen someone else do the same.

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Time Pressures

• A person not in a hurry may stop and offer help
  to a person in distress. A person in a hurry is
  likely to keep going. (Darley Batson -
  Researchers)

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Similarity

• We tend to help those whom we perceive as being
  similar to us.

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(3) Who will help?
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Personality Traits

• Attitude and trait predict average behavior
  across many situations more accurately.
• Individual differences some people are
  reliably more helpful.

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Personality Traits

• Network traits those high in positive
  emotionality, empathy self-efficacy are most
  likely concerned and helpful.
• Personality influences how particular people
  react to particular situations.

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Religious Faith

• Predicts long-term altruism, as reflected I
  volunteerism charitable contributions.

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(4) How can we increase helping?
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3 ways to increase helping

• Reduce the ambiguity and increase responsibility.
• Use door-in-the-face effect technique to evoke
  guilt feelings or concern for self-image.
• Teach altruism.

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• Door-in-the-face effect A strategy for gaining
  a concession.
• Overjustification effect the result of bribing
  people to do what they already like doing they
  may then see their actions as externally
  controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.