Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT)

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Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT)
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Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT)

• Deep vein thrombosis  occurs when a blood clot
  forms deep inside a part of the body. Deep vein
  thrombosis can typically form in the thigh and
  lower leg, but sometimes it can form in the arm
  and pelvis area. Deep vein thrombosis itself is
  not dangerous, but it can be life-threatening
  when the piece of the blood clot breaks of and
  travel through the circulating system known as
  embolism reaching to the heart and pulmonary
  artery and getting lodged there.
• This can prevent blood from flowing properly
  through the lung and decreasing the amount of
  oxygen absorbed and distributed back to the body
  which is known as pulmonary embolism.
• Embolism can travel and get lodged in any part of
  the body in heart, lungs, brain or any other
  area.

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Symptoms of DVT

• Swelling of foot, ankle, or leg, usually on one
  side
• Cramping pain in the affected leg
• Severe, unexplained pain in your foot and ankle
• An area of skin that feels warmer than the skin
  on the surrounding areas
• Skin over the affected area turning pale or a
  reddish or bluish color

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Causes of deep vein thrombosis

• Prolonged travel or sitting, such as of long
  airplane, car or train travel.
• Thrombophilia-An abnormality in blood
  coagulation that increases the risk of blood
  thrombosis.
• Venous statis-An condition of slow blood flow in
  the vein, usually in the legs, which can cause
  thrombosis in legs.
• Surgery can lead to high risk of deep vein
  thrombosis and mainly surgery in the lower
  extremist such as that of knee replacement
  surgery.
• Pregnancy-Change in the level of the hormones,
  and slower blood flow as the uterus expands
  increase the risk of DVT.

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Risk factors of DVT

• Adults above the age of 60 are mostly at the
  highest risk of having DVT.
• Having an injury that damages the veins
• Being overweight, which puts more pressure on the
  veins of the legs and pelvis
• Having a family history of DVT
• Having a catheter placed in a vein
• Taking birth control pills or undergoing hormone
  therapy
• smoking (especially heavy usage)

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Treatments of DVT

• Medication-Anticoagulants prevent further
  formation of blood clot and can stop an embolus
  to reach to lungs or other part of the body.
• Heparin-It is an anticoagulant and it may be
  given depending on the history and severity of
  the patient.
• Warfarin-A blood thinning drug is given with
  heparin, which blocks blood clotting factors.
• Pressure stocking- A pressure stocking improves
  blood flow in your legs and reduces your risk for
  complications from blood clots.
• Filters-If any patient is not able to take blood
  thinners, the filters can be placed inside the
  vena cava, this prevents pulmonary embolism by
  preventing the blood from entering into the
  lungs. This is often placed after surgery.

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Diagnosis of DVT

• The primary test for the diagnosis is done by a
  physical test.
• The two foremost technique needed for the
  diagnosis of DVT are
• D-dimer blood test-D-dimer is a blood test that
  may be used as a screening test to determine if a
  blood clot exists. A positive test may not mean a
  DVT is present. Any blood clot will give positive
  results.
• Ultrasonography-It is the standard method to
  determine DVT.USG would be able to show different
  DVT in any part of the body. But clot in chest or
  pelvis may not be identified by Ultrasound.
• There are other certain blood tests which can
  show an increase chance in blood clot. They are-
• Activated protein C resistance (checks for the
  Factor V Leiden mutation)
• Antithrombin levels
• Antiphospholipid antibodies
• Complete blood count (CBC
• Genetic testing to look for mutations that make
  you more likely to develop blood clots, such as
  the prothrombin G20210A mutation
• Lupus anticoagulant
• Protein C and protein S levels

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